{
"meta": {
"title": "Conflicts & Capital, complete corpus",
"generated": "2026-09-29",
"license": "CC BY 4.0 for the ledger, glossary, milestones and datasets in this file. The article records carry authored text in their title, subtitle and thesis fields; those are all rights reserved, quotation with citation excepted.",
"attribution": "Eric Martin, Conflicts & Capital, https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/",
"note": "Every figure with its source, the glossary, the dated milestones, and both data releases in full, plus a record for each piece: its canonical address, its thesis, its citations, and the date the law was stated as of. The article records are metadata and do not contain the text of the pieces; the pieces live at the addresses in the path field. Figures carry the date they were checked. Release 01 is a defined sample of 116 entries, not a complete list of parties to any instrument in it; Release 02 classifies 54 jurisdictions on one question and each row says in its own confidence cell what could and could not be verified.",
"counts": {
"articles": 5,
"ledger": 111,
"terms": 22,
"milestones": 15,
"dataset_rows": 170,
"dataset_rows_release_01": 116,
"dataset_rows_release_02": 54
}
},
"articles": [
{
"id": "the-sovereign-rewrite",
"section": "chair",
"path": "/chair/the-sovereign-rewrite",
"view": "chair",
"title": "The Sovereign Rewrite",
"subtitle": "When a government rescues a bank or rewrites a securities law, it can change a cross-border deal that has already closed. Deal documents usually address that power (see change-in-law, force majeure or bail-in clauses) but cannot fully anticipate sovereign intervention. Virág Blazsek of the University of Leeds, who writes on bank bailouts and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), discusses how the power works and why the law struggles to keep up with it.",
"date": "2026-09-29",
"lawStatedAsOf": "2026-09-28",
"authors": [
"Eric Martin"
],
"interviewee": "Virág Blazsek, University of Leeds",
"jurisdictions": [
"Switzerland",
"United States",
"EU",
"United Kingdom"
],
"doctrines": [
"Bank resolution",
"Sovereign immunity",
"Bail-in",
"Central bank digital currency"
],
"instruments": [
"Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act",
"Directive 2014/59/EU",
"Securities Act of 1933, § 11"
],
"dealStage": "Post-closing",
"thesis": "A government that rescues a bank or rewrites a securities law can change a cross-border deal that has already closed, and deal documents cannot fully anticipate sovereign intervention, even when they address it through change-in-law, force majeure, or bail-in clauses. The column calls it the unwritten sovereign term: it cannot be negotiated into the contract, but a buyer can identify it before signing by asking where the government sits in the structure, what powers it holds that the documents do not mention, and where a remedy could be sought if it acts. The Credit Suisse rescue, and the Second Circuit’s affirmance of the dismissal of the bondholders’ suit against Switzerland under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, show the gap between whether an intervention is lawful and whether any court will hear a claim about it.",
"citations": {
"cases": 1,
"instruments": 3,
"notes": 0
},
"readingTime": 10,
"revised": "2026-09-29"
},
{
"id": "foreign-by-control",
"section": "brief",
"path": "/brief/foreign-by-control",
"view": "brief",
"title": "Foreign by Control: When the Buyer’s Passport Stops Mattering",
"subtitle": "The EU’s new foreign-investment screening regulation defines the investor it reaches by looking through the buyer to whoever ultimately controls it.",
"date": "2026-08-20",
"lawStatedAsOf": "2026-08-20",
"authors": [
"Eric Martin"
],
"jurisdictions": [
"EU",
"United States"
],
"doctrines": [
"Foreign investment screening",
"Ultimate control",
"Merger control"
],
"instruments": [
"Regulation (EU) 2026/1386",
"Regulation (EU) 2019/452"
],
"dealStage": "Pre-signing",
"thesis": "From January 17, 2028 the look-through to the acquirer’s ultimate control stops being an anti-circumvention rule and becomes part of the Union definition of a foreign investment. The standard for prohibiting a deal does not move with it: that is still the Treaty, construed strictly in Xella. What the widened trigger delivers is therefore not more prohibitions but a larger class of deals inside a national authorization requirement, moved from the art. 4(4) clock, which has a five-year ceiling, to the art. 4(5) clock, which has none. Articles 19 and 20, which govern assessment criteria and screening decisions, are not read for this piece and are named as the limit of it.",
"citations": {
"cases": 2,
"instruments": 2,
"notes": 9
},
"readingTime": 12
},
{
"id": "rome-ii-governing-law",
"section": "cornerstone",
"path": "/cornerstone/rome-ii-governing-law",
"view": "cornerstone",
"title": "What Rome II Does to Your Governing-Law Clause",
"subtitle": "The clause binds the parties who signed it. Four instruments nobody at the table negotiated govern everything else.",
"date": "2026-08-20",
"lawStatedAsOf": "2026-08-20",
"authors": [
"Eric Martin"
],
"jurisdictions": [
"EU",
"United States",
"Germany",
"France"
],
"doctrines": [
"Choice of law",
"Product liability",
"Party autonomy",
"Privity"
],
"instruments": [
"Regulation (EC) No 864/2007",
"1973 Hague Products Liability Convention"
],
"dealStage": "Diligence",
"thesis": "The choice-of-law clause the buyer negotiated is irrelevant to the claim that matters. That much is familiar. What is not is that the clause the buyer acquired is the live one: after VKI v. Amazon a term reciting the trader's own law and stopping there is capable of being unfair, Annex I point (2) of Directive (EU) 2020/1828 makes an unfair term the subject of a representative action, and art. 2(1) of that Directive reaches infringements that ceased before the action was brought. The remedy that follows is an injunction, which looks cheap and is not: art. 8(2) allows a finding of infringement and an order to publish it, art. 13(3) makes the trader notify the affected consumers at its own expense, and art. 15 makes that final decision evidence in every follow-on national redress action against the same trader for the same practice. The size of the exposure is set by the expiry period, which is art. 17 of Directive (EU) 2024/2853 for units placed on the market after December 9, 2026 and art. 11 of Directive 85/374/EEC for everything before it; either way it runs ten years from the placing on the market of each unit rather than ten years from the deal, and it bounds the injured person's entitlement rather than the buyer's recourse against the seller, so the two periods do not net.",
"citations": {
"cases": 4,
"instruments": 3,
"notes": 11
},
"readingTime": 16
},
{
"id": "enforcement-network",
"section": "data",
"path": "/data/enforcement-network",
"view": "whats-market",
"title": "By the Numbers, Release 01: The Cross-Border Enforcement Network",
"subtitle": "An award is backed by one near-universal obligation; a judgment by several small treaties, one strong regional regime, and a great deal of national law.",
"date": "2026-08-20",
"lawStatedAsOf": "2026-08-20",
"authors": [
"Eric Martin"
],
"jurisdictions": [
"Global"
],
"doctrines": [
"Recognition and enforcement",
"Choice of court",
"Arbitration",
"Judicial cooperation"
],
"instruments": [
"New York Convention 1958",
"Hague Judgments Convention 2019",
"Hague Choice of Court Convention 2005",
"Hague Service Convention 1965",
"Hague Evidence Convention 1970"
],
"dealStage": "Post-closing",
"thesis": "The choice between a court and a tribunal is a choice between two enforcement architectures, not between collectible and not: the award has one obligation of near-universal span, while the judgment relies on several small treaties, one strong regional regime, and each destination’s own recognition law.",
"dataset": "cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08",
"citations": {
"primary": 5,
"cases": 0,
"instruments": 5
},
"anchor": "btn-01"
},
{
"id": "post-closing-reach",
"section": "data",
"path": "/data/post-closing-reach",
"view": "whats-market",
"title": "By the Numbers, Release 02: How Long Can a Closed Deal Be Reopened?",
"subtitle": "Of the 44 jurisdictions with a power that can reach a completed transaction, four give the buyer a date on which the general call-in power lapses, running from an event fixed by the parties’ own transaction, which the four instruments variously put at completion, at the conclusion of the contract, or at registration.",
"date": "2026-08-21",
"lawStatedAsOf": "2026-08-21",
"authors": [
"Eric Martin"
],
"jurisdictions": [
"EU",
"United States",
"United Kingdom",
"China",
"Japan"
],
"doctrines": [
"Foreign investment screening",
"Post-closing risk",
"Limitation periods"
],
"instruments": [
"Regulation (EU) 2026/1386",
"National Security and Investment Act 2021",
"Investment Canada Act"
],
"dealStage": "Post-closing / Call-in",
"thesis": "Article 4(4) of the new EU Regulation reads as an extension of national reach and would, for part of the Union, be a contraction. Sixteen of the 27 Member States carry no outer limit today, but Article 4(4) is confined to an investment not subject to a prior authorization requirement, and the file does not classify each untimed power onto that track, so the supported statement is that it would newly cap between three and fifteen of them. Article 4(5), which governs the deal that needed a filing and did not make it, changes nothing for any of the 27: every one already meets its 24-month floor, and it names no maximum at all.",
"citations": {
"primary": 54,
"cases": 0,
"instruments": 54
},
"anchor": "btn-02"
}
],
"ledger": [
{
"id": "n",
"figure": "116",
"claim": "Jurisdictions in the Release 01 dataset, each with every cell sourced and dated.",
"basis": "Count of rows in the published CSV.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"front",
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"116 rows",
"116 entries"
]
},
{
"id": "ny",
"figure": "113",
"claim": "Of the 116 surveyed jurisdictions, party to the 1958 New York Convention on the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards.",
"basis": "Counted from the UNCITRAL status table.",
"source": "UNCITRAL, Status: New York Convention (1958)",
"url": "https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief",
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"113/116"
]
},
{
"id": "ny-pct",
"figure": "98 percent",
"claim": "The share of the 115 states and territories in Release 01 bound by Article III of the 1958 New York Convention: 113 of 115. Stated on that denominator because the European Union row could never have been in the numerator.",
"basis": "Recomputed from the release dataset, excluding the European Union row.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"front",
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hj",
"figure": "33",
"claim": "Of the 116 surveyed jurisdictions, with the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention in force.",
"basis": "Counted from the HCCH status table for Convention No. 41.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 41 (2019 Judgments Convention)",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"33/116"
]
},
{
"id": "pair-n",
"figure": "13,104",
"claim": "Ordered pairs of origin and destination among the 115 states and territories in Release 01, excluding the three pairs among China, Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR, which are territorial units of one State.",
"basis": "115 x 114, less 6 ordered same-State pairs.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-09-01",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"13104"
]
},
{
"id": "pair-award",
"figure": "12,650",
"claim": "Ordered pairs on which an arbitral award has a route under the 1958 New York Convention, both ends being party. That is 97 percent of the 13,104.",
"basis": "Recomputed over all ordered pairs from the ny_convention_1958 column.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-09-01",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"12650",
"97 percent"
]
},
{
"id": "pair-judg",
"figure": "1,212",
"claim": "Ordered pairs on which a judgment has a treaty route, counting the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention, Brussels Ia and the 2007 Lugano Convention. That is 9 percent of the 13,104.",
"basis": "Recomputed over all ordered pairs; a pair counts where both ends have the 2019 Convention in force, or both are bound by Brussels Ia, or both by Lugano.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-09-01",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"1212",
"9 percent"
]
},
{
"id": "pair-forum",
"figure": "430",
"claim": "Further ordered pairs on which a judgment reaches the destination only where the parties made an exclusive choice of court, both ends being party to the 2005 Convention. With these the judgment figure is 12 percent.",
"basis": "Recomputed over all ordered pairs from the hague_choice_of_court_2005 column, on pairs with no route under the three instruments counted above.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-09-01",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "un-members",
"figure": "193",
"claim": "UN Member States, used as the rough world denominator against which the New York Convention’s 172 is stated.",
"basis": "The membership of the United Nations, stated as approximate because this column does not maintain it and it is not part of either dataset.",
"source": "United Nations, Member States",
"url": "https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states",
"checked": "2026-09-01",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "hj-either",
"figure": "40",
"claim": "States and territories in Release 01 with a Hague treaty route for a judgment, counting the 2019 Judgments Convention and the 2005 Choice of Court Convention, whose Article 8 is itself an enforcement obligation. That is 35 percent of the 115; adding the 2007 Lugano Convention makes it 42, or 37 percent.",
"basis": "Recomputed from the published CSV over the 115 states and territories.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-09-01",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"37 percent"
]
},
{
"id": "hj-pct",
"figure": "28",
"claim": "Percent of the surveyed jurisdictions with the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention in force.",
"basis": "32 of the 115 states and territories, rounded to the nearest whole percent. That is the denominator the page states the comparison on, because the European Union row cannot be a party to the New York Convention and so cannot sit on both sides of it. On all 116 rows the figure is 33 of 116, which also rounds to 28.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 41",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"front",
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hj-signed",
"figure": "6",
"claim": "Jurisdictions that have signed the 2019 Convention without ratifying it. Signature is not reach.",
"basis": "Counted from the HCCH status table for Convention No. 41.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 41",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hcc",
"figure": "39",
"claim": "Jurisdictions with the 2005 Hague Choice of Court Convention in force. An exclusive forum clause travels slightly further than a judgment.",
"basis": "Counted from the HCCH status table for Convention No. 37.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 37 (2005 Choice of Court Convention)",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "svc",
"figure": "79",
"claim": "Entries in the Release 01 table where the 1965 Hague Service Convention is in force.",
"basis": "Counted from the HCCH status table for Convention No. 14, plus the Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR rows, to which the Convention applies by extension rather than by their own accession.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 14 (1965 Service Convention)",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "evd",
"figure": "69",
"claim": "Entries in the Release 01 table where the 1970 Hague Evidence Convention is in force. It is easier to start a cross-border case than to collect on one.",
"basis": "Counted from the HCCH status table for Convention No. 20, plus the Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR rows, to which the Convention applies by extension.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 20 (1970 Evidence Convention)",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "cells",
"figure": "812",
"claim": "Status cells in the Release 01 matrix: 116 entries by 7 instruments.",
"basis": "116 rows by 7 instrument columns, being the five multilateral instruments plus Brussels Ia and the 2007 Lugano Convention. The size of the matrix, not a count of distinct sources.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "fdi-force",
"figure": "July 16, 2026",
"claim": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1386 on the screening of foreign investments entered into force.",
"basis": "The 20th day following publication in the Official Journal of June 26, 2026.",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1386, OJ L, 2026/1386, 26.6.2026",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "fdi-applies",
"figure": "January 17, 2028",
"claim": "The date from which Regulation (EU) 2026/1386 applies, repealing Regulation (EU) 2019/452. Nothing is bound before it.",
"basis": "Application date stated in the Regulation.",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1386, OJ L, 2026/1386, 26.6.2026",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"front",
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "callin-min",
"figure": "15 months",
"claim": "The floor on the own-initiative review period a Member State must provide after completion, where the investment was not subject to a prior authorization requirement.",
"basis": "Art. 4(4): where a foreign investment falls within the scope of the national mechanism and is not subject to a prior authorization requirement, the screening authority must be able to open a review on its own initiative for at least 15 months and up to a maximum of five years after completion.",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1386, art. 4(4)",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1386/oj/eng",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"front",
"brief"
],
"aliases": [
"15-month",
"15 months",
"15 mo"
]
},
{
"id": "callin-max",
"figure": "five years",
"claim": "The ceiling on that same own-initiative period. Each Member State elects a figure between the 15-month floor and this maximum.",
"basis": "Art. 4(4). The ceiling applies to investments not subject to a prior authorization requirement; the art. 4(5) period for unfiled notifiable investments has no ceiling.",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1386, art. 4(4)",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1386/oj/eng",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"front",
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "callin-late",
"figure": "24-month",
"claim": "The separate floor where an investment that was subject to a prior authorization requirement was not filed, or was filed only after completion. The Regulation sets no maximum for it. Slovenia already carries exactly this period; no EU row in Release 02 falls below it.",
"basis": "Art. 4(5): at least 24 months from completion, with no stated maximum.",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1386, art. 4(5)",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1386/oj/eng",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief",
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"24",
"24 months"
]
},
{
"id": "xella",
"figure": "C-106/22",
"claim": "Xella Magyarország: the Court held the acquisition fell outside Regulation (EU) 2019/452 because the acquirer was incorporated in a Member State, and that the national veto restricted freedom of establishment. It is the authority refusing to look through to ultimate control under the old Regulation, which is the gap the 2026 Regulation closes.",
"basis": "Judgment of July 13, 2023, ECLI:EU:C:2023:568.",
"source": "Court of Justice, Case C-106/22, ECLI:EU:C:2023:568",
"url": "https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-106/22",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "romeii-applies",
"figure": "January 11, 2009",
"claim": "The date from which Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 (Rome II) applies.",
"basis": "Art. 32, as construed in Case C-412/10, Homawoo v. GMF Assurances SA, ECLI:EU:C:2011:747.",
"source": "Regulation (EC) No 864/2007, art. 32; Case C-412/10",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2007/864/oj/eng",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"cornerstone"
],
"aliases": [
"2009"
]
},
{
"id": "romeii-states",
"figure": "26 of 27",
"claim": "EU Member States bound by Rome II. Denmark is not.",
"basis": "Denmark’s position under Protocol No. 22.",
"source": "Regulation (EC) No 864/2007, recital 40",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2007/864/oj/eng",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"cornerstone"
]
},
{
"id": "hague73",
"figure": "seven",
"claim": "EU Member States bound by the 1973 Hague Products Liability Convention, which Rome II art. 28(1) preserves against the art. 5 cascade.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for the 1973 Convention, counting Member States of the European Union.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 22 (1973 Products Liability Convention)",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=84",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"cornerstone"
]
},
{
"id": "hj-albania",
"figure": "March 1, 2026",
"claim": "The 2019 Hague Judgments Convention entered into force for Albania and Montenegro.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for Convention No. 41.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 41",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief",
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"Mar 1, 2026"
]
},
{
"id": "hj-andorra",
"figure": "June 1, 2026",
"claim": "The 2019 Hague Judgments Convention entered into force for Andorra.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for Convention No. 41.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 41",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief",
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"Jun 1, 2026"
]
},
{
"id": "hj-uk",
"figure": "July 1, 2025",
"claim": "The 2019 Hague Judgments Convention entered into force for the United Kingdom.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for Convention No. 41.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 41",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"Jul 1, 2025"
]
},
{
"id": "hj-uruguay",
"figure": "October 1, 2024",
"claim": "The 2019 Hague Judgments Convention entered into force for Uruguay.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for Convention No. 41.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 41",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"Oct 1, 2024"
]
},
{
"id": "hj-eu",
"figure": "September 1, 2023",
"claim": "The 2019 Hague Judgments Convention entered into force for the European Union, other than Denmark, and Ukraine.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for Convention No. 41.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 41",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"Sep 1, 2023"
]
},
{
"id": "hj-us",
"figure": "2022",
"claim": "The United States signed the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention and has not ratified it. Where the assets sit still decides whether a judgment is worth anything.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for Convention No. 41.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table, Convention No. 41",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief",
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "ea-value",
"figure": "$55 billion",
"claim": "The value of the PIF, Silver Lake and Affinity Partners take-private of Electronic Arts.",
"basis": "As reported. The Commission’s case record carries the notification, Case M.12213; the clearance decision was not on the public register when this was checked, so nothing here is stated as unconditional on the strength of that record.",
"source": "European Commission, Case M.12213",
"url": "https://competition-cases.ec.europa.eu/cases/M.12213",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "ea-date",
"figure": "July 23, 2026",
"claim": "The date reported for the European Commission’s clearance of the Electronic Arts take-private. Not confirmed against the Commission’s public case register.",
"basis": "Press reporting alone. The clearance decision was not on the Commission’s public case register when this was checked, so the date rests on reporting and not on the record. The fact of clearance rests on Electronic Arts' own Form 8-K of July 30, 2026, which is a separate entry.",
"source": "Press reporting; not confirmed against European Commission, Case M.12213",
"url": "https://competition-cases.ec.europa.eu/cases/M.12213",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "aiact-50",
"figure": "August 2, 2026",
"claim": "The date the AI Act’s Article 50 transparency obligations began to apply, and the date the AI Act entered Annex I of the Representative Actions Directive, so an alleged breach became a basis for a collective action.",
"basis": "Application date in art. 113 of the AI Act; listing in Annex I of Directive (EU) 2020/1828.",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act), arts. 50 and 113; Directive (EU) 2020/1828, Annex I",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024R1689",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "n-states",
"figure": "115",
"claim": "States and territories in the Release 01 dataset. The 116th row is the European Union, listed as a Regional Economic Integration Organization because it is the contracting party through which its Member States are bound.",
"basis": "116 rows less the European Union row.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 01, cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hj-states",
"figure": "32",
"claim": "States and territories, excluding the European Union row, with the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention in force. The all-rows figure is 33.",
"basis": "33 rows in force less the European Union row.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table for Convention No. 41",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hcc-states",
"figure": "38",
"claim": "States and territories, excluding the European Union row, with the 2005 Hague Choice of Court Convention in force. The all-rows figure is 39.",
"basis": "39 rows in force less the European Union row.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table for Convention No. 37",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "data-retrieved",
"figure": "August 20, 2026",
"claim": "The date every cell in Release 01 was read from its primary status table. Each row carries it in the source_date column.",
"basis": "Retrieval date recorded in the dataset.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 01",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "ea-notified",
"figure": "June 16, 2026",
"claim": "The date the European Commission received prior notification of the Electronic Arts acquisition, Case M.12213.",
"basis": "Prior notification of a concentration, Case M.12213, PIF / ELECTRONIC ARTS, OJ C, 1.7.2026.",
"source": "European Commission, Case M.12213",
"url": "https://competition-cases.ec.europa.eu/cases/M.12213",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "ea-closed",
"figure": "August 4, 2026",
"claim": "The date the Electronic Arts take-private completed.",
"basis": "Electronic Arts Inc., Form 8-K filed August 4, 2026, and the parties’ announcements of the same date.",
"source": "Electronic Arts Inc., Form 8-K (Aug. 4, 2026)",
"url": "https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0000712515&type=8-K&dateb=&owner=include&count=40",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "ea-approvals",
"figure": "July 30, 2026",
"claim": "The date Electronic Arts reported that every regulatory approval required to complete the merger had been obtained.",
"basis": "Electronic Arts Inc., Form 8-K filed July 30, 2026.",
"source": "Electronic Arts Inc., Form 8-K (July 30, 2026)",
"url": "https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0000712515&type=8-K&dateb=&owner=include&count=40",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "aiact-legacy",
"figure": "December 2, 2026",
"claim": "The end of the four-month transitional period for AI systems already placed on the market before August 2, 2026 to meet the Article 50(2) marking obligation.",
"basis": "Art. 111(4) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, as inserted by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI); recital 38.",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, OJ L, 2026/1744, 24.7.2026",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "croatia",
"figure": "July 1, 2013",
"claim": "The date Croatia acceded to the European Union, and so the date from which Rome II has applied there.",
"basis": "Treaty of Accession of Croatia, in force July 1, 2013.",
"source": "Treaty concerning the accession of the Republic of Croatia, OJ L 112, 24.4.2012",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2012:112:TOC",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"cornerstone"
]
},
{
"id": "rpld",
"figure": "December 9, 2026",
"claim": "The date by which Member States must transpose the Revised Product Liability Directive, and from which it applies to products placed on the market after that date.",
"basis": "Directive (EU) 2024/2853, arts. 22 and 2(1).",
"source": "Directive (EU) 2024/2853",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024L2853",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"cornerstone"
]
},
{
"id": "rpld32",
"figure": "December 9, 2032",
"claim": "The earliest closing date at which all four units drawn on the tail chart sit inside Directive (EU) 2024/2853. The chart’s earliest unit ships six years before closing, and the Directive reaches only products placed on the market or put into service after December 9, 2026, so December 9, 2026 plus six years is the first closing on which no bar falls under Directive 85/374/EEC.",
"basis": "Arithmetic on the chart’s own stated release schedule and the application date in Directive (EU) 2024/2853, art. 2(1): 2026 + 6 = 2032.",
"source": "Directive (EU) 2024/2853, art. 2(1); this column’s chart construction",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024L2853",
"checked": "2026-09-01",
"where": [
"cornerstone"
]
},
{
"id": "ny-world",
"figure": "172",
"claim": "States parties to the 1958 New York Convention worldwide. 113 of them are in this column’s Release 01 sample.",
"basis": "UNCITRAL status page: “Parties: 172”.",
"source": "UNCITRAL, Status: Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 1958)",
"url": "https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "svc-world",
"figure": "84",
"claim": "Contracting Parties to the 1965 Hague Service Convention worldwide. 77 of them are in the Release 01 sample, which also carries Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR as rows of their own, making 79 rows.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for Convention No. 14: “Number of Contracting Parties to this Convention: 84”.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table for Convention No. 14",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "evd-world",
"figure": "69",
"claim": "Contracting Parties to the 1970 Hague Evidence Convention worldwide. 67 of them are in the Release 01 sample, which also carries Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR as rows of their own, making 69 rows.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for Convention No. 20: “Number of Contracting Parties to this Convention: 69”.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table for Convention No. 20",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hcch-members",
"figure": "94",
"aliases": [],
"claim": "Members of the Hague Conference on Private International Law in the Release 01 sample: 93 states and the European Union.",
"basis": "hcch_member column of the published dataset, read against the HCCH Members list.",
"source": "HCCH, Members",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "dk-2005",
"figure": "September 1, 2018",
"claim": "The date the 2005 Hague Choice of Court Convention entered into force for Denmark by its own accession, rather than through the European Union’s approval.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for Convention No. 37, Denmark: accession deposited May 30, 2018, entry into force September 1, 2018.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table for Convention No. 37",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "sample-nonhcch",
"figure": "22",
"claim": "Entries in the Release 01 sample that are not Members of the Hague Conference but recur as deal counterparties, guarantors, or asset locations.",
"basis": "Rows where the hcch_member column reads “no”: 116 less the 94 HCCH Members.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 01",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "ny-in-sample",
"figure": "111",
"claim": "States parties to the 1958 New York Convention represented in the Release 01 sample, once Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR are set aside as territorial units of China rather than separate states parties. The row count is 113.",
"basis": "113 rows reading “party”, less the Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR rows, which UNCITRAL treats as territorial extensions of China under note (h).",
"source": "UNCITRAL, Status: New York Convention (1958)",
"url": "https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "svc-in-sample",
"figure": "77",
"claim": "Contracting Parties to the 1965 Hague Service Convention represented in the Release 01 sample, once the Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR rows are set aside as territorial units. The row count is 79.",
"basis": "79 rows reading “party”, less the Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR rows, to which the Convention applies through the pre-handover extensions by the United Kingdom and Portugal respectively, continued by China.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table for Convention No. 14",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "evd-in-sample",
"figure": "67",
"claim": "Contracting Parties to the 1970 Hague Evidence Convention represented in the Release 01 sample, once the Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR rows are set aside as territorial units. The row count is 69.",
"basis": "69 rows reading “party”, less the Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR rows.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table for Convention No. 20",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hk-handover",
"figure": "July 1, 1997",
"claim": "The date from which the 1965 and 1970 Conventions continue to apply to the Hong Kong SAR following the United Kingdom’s extensions, and from which the New York Convention applies there by China’s territorial extension.",
"basis": "UNCITRAL note (h) to the New York Convention status table; HCCH status tables for Conventions 14 and 20 read with China’s notifications.",
"source": "UNCITRAL, Status: New York Convention (1958), note (h)",
"url": "https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "macao-ny",
"figure": "July 19, 2005",
"claim": "The date from which the 1958 New York Convention applies to the Macao SAR by China’s territorial extension.",
"basis": "UNCITRAL note (h) to the New York Convention status table.",
"source": "UNCITRAL, Status: New York Convention (1958), note (h)",
"url": "https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2",
"checked": "2026-08-20",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "eu-ms",
"figure": "27",
"claim": "Member States of the European Union, each of which must operate a screening mechanism meeting the Regulation’s minimum scope once it applies.",
"basis": "Membership of the Union at the date checked, read with art. 3 of Regulation (EU) 2026/1386.",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1386, OJ L, 2026/1386, 26.6.2026",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1386/oj/eng",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"front",
"brief"
]
},
{
"id": "eu-bound-2019",
"figure": "26",
"claim": "Member States bound by the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention through the Union’s accession. Denmark is not among them.",
"basis": "27 Member States less Denmark, whose Protocol No. 22 position keeps the Convention from extending to it.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table for Convention No. 41",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-n",
"figure": "54",
"claim": "Jurisdictions in Release 02, each classified on one question: how long after completion a screening authority can still reach the deal.",
"basis": "Row count of post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv. Every row verified against a primary instrument.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"front",
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-window",
"figure": "4",
"claim": "Jurisdictions where a period runs from completion and closes, so a buyer has a date after which the deal is safe.",
"basis": "Rows classified window: Australia, Germany, Hungary, Slovenia.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"front",
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-reach",
"figure": "44",
"claim": "Jurisdictions in Release 02 with a power that can reach a completed transaction. The remaining 10 have no post-closing screening power at all.",
"basis": "54 rows less the 10 classified none.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"front",
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "r2-gap",
"figure": "10",
"claim": "Jurisdictions that publish a fixed call-in period and then disapply it, extend it, or leave something untimed standing behind it for a transaction that should have been notified and was not.",
"basis": "Rows classified window+gap: Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, the United Kingdom.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-untimed",
"figure": "27",
"claim": "Jurisdictions with no limitation period at all on the power to review a completed transaction.",
"basis": "Rows classified untimed.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"front",
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-none",
"figure": "10",
"claim": "Jurisdictions with no post-closing screening power to reopen a completed transaction.",
"basis": "Rows classified none: Brazil, Indonesia, Israel, Malaysia, Nigeria, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, UAE, Ukraine.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-sanction",
"figure": "3",
"claim": "Jurisdictions where the only limitation period bounds the power to fine, leaving the review power itself unbounded.",
"basis": "Rows classified sanction: Romania, Spain, Sweden.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-with-instrument",
"figure": "46",
"claim": "Jurisdictions in Release 02 that have a screening instrument in which a sector could be named. The other eight have none, so their sector cells read not applicable rather than no.",
"basis": "54 rows less the 8 whose ai_named and semiconductors_named cells read not applicable.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "r2-ai",
"figure": "18",
"claim": "Jurisdictions in Release 02 whose screening instrument, or any sector list, designation notice or implementing act made under it, expressly names artificial intelligence. The same figure names semiconductors. Romania is in neither count: its 2026 ordinance is reported to name both and could not be read on a gazette, so both cells read not verified.",
"basis": "ai_named and semiconductors_named columns, each counted on the same rule.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "r2-semi",
"figure": "18",
"claim": "Jurisdictions in Release 02 naming semiconductors, on the same rule.",
"basis": "semiconductors_named column.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-au",
"figure": "10 years",
"claim": "Australia’s outer limit on the power to make an order about a completed action, the longest fixed period in the release. The last-resort powers in Part 3 Division 3 reach even a cleared action and carry no express outer limit.",
"basis": "Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Regulation 2015 reg. 60A, not s. 66A of the Act, which is the citation given nearly everywhere.",
"source": "Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Regulation 2015 (Cth), reg. 60A",
"url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2015L01854/latest/text",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-pt",
"figure": "30 days",
"claim": "Portugal’s nominal period, the shortest in the release. It is not an outer limit: art. 4(1) runs the 30 days from completion or from the date the transaction becomes public knowledge, should that occur afterwards, so an undisclosed deal has no clock running at all.",
"basis": "Decreto-Lei n. 138/2014, art. 4(1). The two limbs are joined by a later-of, not an or.",
"source": "Decreto-Lei n. 138/2014 of 15 September 2014, Diario da Republica n. 177, series I",
"url": "https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/decreto-lei/138-2014-56690558",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-ch",
"figure": "2027",
"claim": "The year Switzerland’s Investment Screening Act is expected to take effect. It was adopted on December 19, 2025 and is not in force today.",
"basis": "Art. 25(2) leaves commencement to the Federal Council; the responsible department states that entry into force is currently foreseen for 2027 and that applications cannot yet be filed.",
"source": "Investitionsprufgesetz of 19 December 2025, BBl 2026 31; State Secretariat for Economic Affairs",
"url": "https://www.seco.admin.ch/de/investitionspruefung",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "ch-adopted",
"figure": "December 19, 2025",
"claim": "The date Switzerland’s Investment Screening Act was adopted. Its referendum period expired on April 17, 2026 and it is still not in force.",
"aliases": [
"April 17, 2026"
],
"basis": "Bundesgesetz uber die Prufung auslandischer Investitionen of 19 December 2025, as published in the Bundesblatt, which prints the expiry of the referendum period on its face.",
"source": "Investitionsprufgesetz, BBl 2026 31",
"url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/fga/2026/31/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-fga-2026-31-de-pdf-a.pdf",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "jp-amend",
"figure": "June 5, 2026",
"claim": "The date Japan’s amending Act to the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act was promulgated. It takes effect on a date to be fixed by Cabinet Order, no later than June 5, 2027.",
"aliases": [
"June 5, 2027"
],
"basis": "Ministry of Finance announcement of promulgation; the outline provides for commencement on a day fixed by Cabinet Order within one year of promulgation.",
"source": "Ministry of Finance, promulgation of the amending Act",
"url": "https://www.mof.go.jp/policy/international_policy/gaitame_kawase/press_release/20260312152131.html",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-eu-nolimit",
"figure": "16",
"claim": "EU Member States in Release 02 that currently have no outer limit on the power to review a completed transaction, or none on anything but a fine. For each, the five-year maximum in art. 4(4) would be the first outer limit its regime has carried.",
"basis": "Rows in the European Union region classified untimed or sanction, of 27.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-hr",
"figure": "November 13, 2025",
"claim": "The date Croatia’s Foreign Investment Screening Act took effect. Croatia was recorded as having no mechanism in the first cut of this release, on the strength of the Commission’s list of notified mechanisms.",
"basis": "Art. 32: the Act enters into force on the eighth day after publication in Narodne novine 136/2025 of November 5, 2025; confirmed by the Ministry of Finance.",
"source": "Zakon o provjeri stranih ulaganja, Narodne novine 136/2025",
"url": "https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2025_11_136_2010.html",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-cy",
"figure": "April 2, 2026",
"claim": "The date Cyprus’s foreign-investment screening Law began to apply. Cyprus was also recorded as having no mechanism in the first cut of this release.",
"basis": "S. 20 of N. 194(I)/2025, gazetted November 14, 2025, provides that the Law enters into force on April 2, 2026.",
"source": "N. 194(I)/2025, Official Gazette No. 5061",
"url": "https://www.gov.cy/mof/en/documents/foreign-direct-investment-screening/",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-is",
"figure": "January 1, 2027",
"claim": "The date Iceland’s Act No. 84/2026 begins to apply. Until then the power in force is the eight-week stop in art. 12 of Act No. 34/1991, measured from the Minister becoming aware, so Iceland is classified on the law in force rather than the law enacted.",
"basis": "Commencement provision of Act No. 84/2026, recorded in the dataset’s in_force_from cell.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-late2025",
"figure": "2025",
"aliases": [
"late 2025"
],
"claim": "The year Croatia and Cyprus each enacted a foreign-investment screening regime, after the Commission’s list of notified mechanisms relied on for the first cut of this release.",
"basis": "Narodne novine 136/2025 of November 5, 2025; N. 194(I)/2025 gazetted November 14, 2025.",
"source": "By the Numbers, Release 02",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-21",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "macao-svc",
"figure": "April 12, 1999",
"claim": "The date from which the 1965 Hague Service Convention entered into force for Macao, by Portugal’s extension before the handover.",
"basis": "HCCH declarations and notifications page for Convention No. 14, entry for China (Macao SAR).",
"source": "HCCH, Declarations and notifications, Convention No. 14",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "macao-evd",
"figure": "December 14, 1999",
"claim": "The date from which the 1970 Hague Evidence Convention entered into force for Macao, by Portugal’s extension.",
"basis": "HCCH declarations and notifications page for Convention No. 20, entry for China (Macao SAR).",
"source": "HCCH, Declarations and notifications, Convention No. 20",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "macao-china",
"figure": "December 20, 1999",
"claim": "The date from which China notified the depositary that both the 1965 and the 1970 Conventions apply to the Macao SAR, assuming the resulting international rights and obligations.",
"basis": "China’s notes to the depositary, reproduced on the HCCH declarations pages for Conventions Nos. 14 and 20.",
"source": "HCCH, Declarations and notifications, Conventions Nos. 14 and 20",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hague-union",
"figure": "41",
"claim": "Entries with a Hague treaty route for a judgment, counting the 2005 Choice of Court Convention or the 2019 Judgments Convention. The two instruments overlap but do not nest.",
"basis": "Recomputed from the release dataset: 39 with the 2005 Convention in force, 33 with the 2019, of which 8 have only the 2005 and 2 only the 2019.",
"source": "cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hcch-ny",
"figure": "92",
"claim": "Of the 94 Members of the Hague Conference, the number bound by the 1958 New York Convention. Reported as the non-discretionary alternative to the 116-entry sample.",
"basis": "Recomputed from the release dataset over rows where hcch_member is yes.",
"source": "cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "swiss-art22",
"figure": "September 18, 2024",
"claim": "The date of Switzerland’s declaration under Article 22 of the 2005 Choice of Court Convention, so far the only such declaration, which because Article 22 operates reciprocally is not yet operative between any two Contracting Parties.",
"basis": "HCCH status table for Convention No. 37, declarations column, and the notifications page for Switzerland.",
"source": "HCCH, Status table and declarations, Convention No. 37",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hj-member-pct",
"figure": "35 percent",
"claim": "The share of the 94 Members of the Hague Conference with the 2019 Judgments Convention in force: 33 of 94. Reported as the non-discretionary alternative to the 116-entry sample.",
"basis": "Recomputed from the release dataset over rows where hcch_member is yes.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "nonmember-ny",
"figure": "21",
"claim": "Of the 22 rows in Release 01 that are not Members of the Hague Conference, the number bound by the 1958 New York Convention. All 22 are outside the 2019 Judgments Convention. Kosovo is the single exception on the New York column.",
"basis": "Recomputed from the release dataset over rows where hcch_member is not yes.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "g20-ny",
"figure": "19",
"claim": "Of the 19 states of the Group of Twenty represented in Release 01, the number party to the 1958 New York Convention: all of them. Reported as a sensitivity test on the sample.",
"basis": "Recomputed from the release dataset over the 19 G20 member states; the European Union, also a G20 member, is excluded because only states may accede to the New York Convention.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "g20-hj",
"figure": "4",
"claim": "Of the same 19 G20 states, the number with the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention in force. On the 20-row basis including the European Union it is 5.",
"basis": "Recomputed from the release dataset.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-primary",
"figure": "42",
"claim": "Rows in Release 02 read at a government’s own site: the national gazette, the consolidated statute, or the responsible regulator’s page. The other 12 rest on a reproduction, and the source_tier column names which kind for every row.",
"basis": "Counted from the source_tier column of the published CSV: 42 government_primary, 9 intergovernmental_reproduction, 2 research_reproduction, 1 private_reproduction. The earlier figure of 45 was derived from the confidence sentences rather than from the addresses actually relied on.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"front",
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"42 rows",
"42 read"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-nothing-expires",
"figure": "30",
"claim": "Jurisdictions in Release 02 in which nothing about the review power expires: the 27 with no limitation period at all plus the 3 in which only the fine is timed. The two buckets answer the same question and are read together.",
"basis": "Recomputed from the release dataset.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hu-knowledge",
"figure": "18 months",
"claim": "Hungary: the knowledge-triggered limb under the security regime, running from the supervising body learning of the deal. It is shorter than the five-year absolute bar, so it caps the authority rather than extending it.",
"basis": "Read from the row’s own recorded periods; Act LVII of 2018 and Act L of 2025, cited in the dataset’s provision_refs.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "hu-broad",
"figure": "6 months",
"claim": "Hungary: the knowledge-triggered limb under the broad regime, alongside the same five-year absolute bar.",
"basis": "Read from the row’s own recorded periods.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-29",
"where": [
"whats-market"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-44-loosen",
"figure": "2",
"claim": "EU Member States where Article 4(4) lengthens post-closing exposure rather than shortening it: Portugal, whose opposition period on its only track is 30 days, and Finland, whose call-in power exists only in the defense and security sector, which is the authorization track Article 4(4) does not govern.",
"basis": "Computed from the published file against the 15-month floor in Article 4(4), with one row read from its own call_in_post_closing cell rather than from the numeric column: Finland’s untimed power is confined to the sector for which prior confirmation is mandatory, and outside it the row records that notification is voluntary and there is no call-in power at all, so on the Article 4(4) track Finland has nothing today. Portugal’s mandatory_notification cell reads no, so its 30-day period is the Article 4(4) track.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market",
"brief"
],
"aliases": [
"two"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-44-flat",
"figure": "10",
"claim": "EU Member States already sitting inside the Article 4(4) band, so the Regulation moves their outer limit not at all.",
"basis": "Computed from the published file: outer limits of 15, 24 or 60 months in Belgium, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"ten"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-outer-60",
"figure": "60",
"claim": "Months in the five-year ceiling Article 4(4) sets on the own-initiative review of an investment not subject to a prior authorization requirement, and the outer limit already carried by Belgium and Cyprus for an unnotified deal.",
"basis": "Reg (EU) 2026/1386, art. 4(4), read against the outer_limit_unnotified_months column of the published file.",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1386, art. 4(4)",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1386/oj/eng",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"60 months"
]
},
{
"id": "r1-ny-only",
"figure": "30",
"claim": "Entries in Release 01 that are party to the New York Convention and to none of the other four multilateral instruments in the file.",
"basis": "Computed across the five multilateral columns of the published CSV.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"front",
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"Thirty entries"
]
},
{
"id": "r1-two-instruments",
"figure": "14",
"claim": "Entries in Release 01 that are party to exactly two of the five multilateral instruments, the smallest group in a distribution that is bimodal rather than graded.",
"basis": "Computed across the five multilateral columns of the published CSV: 2 entries at none, 30 at one, 14 at two, 32 at three, 11 at four and 27 at five.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "r1-svc-not-ev",
"figure": "13",
"claim": "Entries that take service under the 1965 Convention and do not take evidence under the 1970. Three go the other way.",
"basis": "Set difference computed on the hague_service_1965 and hague_evidence_1970 columns of the published CSV.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 01 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"Thirteen entries"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-ai-both",
"figure": "15",
"claim": "Jurisdictions in Release 02 that name both artificial intelligence and semiconductors in their screening scope. Eighteen name each, and they are not the same eighteen.",
"basis": "Intersection of the ai_named and semiconductors_named columns of the published CSV; the union is 21, taken over the 46 jurisdictions with a screening instrument.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"Fifteen name both"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-same-answer",
"figure": "34",
"claim": "Jurisdictions of the 44 with a post-closing power whose outer limit is the same whether or not the deal was notified. In 30 of them the answer is that nothing expires.",
"basis": "Computed from the outer_limit_months and outer_limit_unnotified_months columns of the published CSV: 44 rows with a power, of which 10 give a different answer for an unnotified deal.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "ra-transitional",
"figure": "June 25, 2023",
"claim": "The date from which the Representative Actions Directive’s transposing provisions apply to actions brought, and from which its limitation-suspension rules reach an infringement. It bounds how far back an acquired end-user term can be actioned.",
"basis": "Directive (EU) 2020/1828, art. 22(1) and (3), read verbatim from the CELEX PDF.",
"source": "Directive (EU) 2020/1828, art. 22",
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32020L1828",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"cornerstone"
],
"aliases": [
"25 June 2023"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-reproduction",
"figure": "12",
"claim": "Rows in Release 02 that rest on a reproduction rather than on a government’s own site: nine intergovernmental, two research, one private.",
"basis": "Counted from the source_tier column of the published CSV.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"12 from a reproduction"
]
},
{
"id": "r2-no-date",
"figure": "40",
"claim": "Jurisdictions of the 44 with a post-closing power that give the buyer no date fixed by his own transaction after which the general call-in power lapses.",
"basis": "44 rows with a power, less the 4 classified window.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"forty"
]
},
{
"id": "hcch-member-states",
"figure": "93",
"claim": "States in the Release 01 sample that are Members of the Hague Conference on Private International Law. The European Union is the ninety-fourth Member and is not a state.",
"basis": "hcch_member column of the published dataset, less the European Union row.",
"source": "HCCH, Members",
"url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members",
"checked": "2026-08-31",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "r2-44-ceiling-range",
"figure": "3 to 15",
"claim": "EU Member States whose general call-in power Article 4(4) would newly cap at five years. The file records sixteen with no outer limit today, but does not classify each untimed power onto the Article 4(4) track, so the supported statement is a range rather than a count.",
"basis": "post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv, columns outer_limit_months, outer_limit_unnotified_months and call_in_post_closing, read against Reg (EU) 2026/1386, art. 4(4), which is confined to an investment not subject to a prior authorization requirement. On the published cells only Bulgaria, Romania, and Sweden record an untimed power that is not conditioned on a missing filing; Lithuania’s reads either way; the remainder record exposure arising from closing without a required authorization, which is the Article 4(5) track. Resolving each row would need a fresh reading of the national instrument on the point, which Release 02 did not carry.",
"source": "Conflicts & Capital, By the Numbers, Release 02 (dataset)",
"url": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"checked": "2026-09-08",
"where": [
"whats-market"
],
"aliases": [
"three of the 27",
"at most fifteen"
]
},
{
"id": "chair-ida-bond",
"figure": "$3 billion",
"claim": "Size of the five-year bond the World Bank’s International Development Association priced on September 15, 2026, its first dollar global bond sold without SEC registration.",
"basis": "Stated in the issuer’s announcement.",
"source": "World Bank, press release (Sept. 15, 2026)",
"url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/09/15/ida-prices-first-sec-exempted-us-dollar-global-bond-broadening-ida-s-access-to-add",
"checked": "2026-09-28",
"where": [
"chair"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "chair-gbtd-banks",
"figure": "seven",
"claim": "Participants listed by UK Finance in the Great British Tokenised Deposit initiative.",
"basis": "Seven named initiative participants, not a claim that every participant executed each transaction.",
"source": "UK Finance, GBTD initiative",
"url": "https://www.ukfinance.org.uk/tokenised-sterling-deposits-gbtd-initiative",
"checked": "2026-09-29",
"where": [
"chair"
],
"aliases": [
"seven participants"
]
},
{
"id": "chair-cs-guarantee",
"figure": "CHF 9 billion",
"claim": "Ceiling of the federal loss guarantee authorized by the Swiss emergency ordinance of March 2023 for the UBS acquisition of Credit Suisse.",
"basis": "Stated in the opinion’s account of the emergency ordinance.",
"source": "Creditincome Ltd. v. Swiss Confederation, No. 25-2733 (2d Cir. July 16, 2026), slip op. at 7–8",
"url": "https://ww3.ca2.uscourts.gov/decisions/OPN/25-2733_opn.pdf",
"checked": "2026-09-28",
"where": [
"chair"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "chair-at1-writedown",
"figure": "CHF 16.5 billion",
"claim": "Approximate face amount of Credit Suisse Additional Tier 1 bonds written down to zero under FINMA’s order of March 19, 2023.",
"basis": "Stated in the court’s release on its partial decision. The Second Circuit gives the amount in dollars, as $17.3 billion; the column uses the Swiss franc figure.",
"source": "Swiss Federal Administrative Court, media release on case B-2334/2023 (Oct. 1, 2025)",
"url": "https://www.bvger.ch/en/newsroom/media-releases/unlawful-write-off-of-at1-capital-instruments-2385",
"checked": "2026-09-28",
"where": [
"chair"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "chair-dtc-holdings",
"figure": "$372 million",
"claim": "Credit Suisse AT1 bonds held through the Depository Trust Company by the investors who sued Switzerland in New York.",
"basis": "Stated in the opinion.",
"source": "Creditincome Ltd. v. Swiss Confederation, No. 25-2733 (2d Cir. July 16, 2026)",
"url": "https://ww3.ca2.uscourts.gov/decisions/OPN/25-2733_opn.pdf",
"checked": "2026-09-28",
"where": [
"chair"
],
"aliases": []
},
{
"id": "chair-four-days",
"figure": "four days",
"claim": "Time between the Swiss officials’ instruction to Credit Suisse on March 15, 2023, as alleged in the bondholders’ complaint, and the announcement of the UBS merger on Sunday, March 19.",
"basis": "Dates as stated in the opinion, which accepted the complaint’s allegations as true on appeal.",
"source": "Creditincome Ltd. v. Swiss Confederation, No. 25-2733 (2d Cir. July 16, 2026), slip op. at 6",
"url": "https://ww3.ca2.uscourts.gov/decisions/OPN/25-2733_opn.pdf",
"checked": "2026-09-28",
"where": [
"chair"
],
"aliases": [
"Within four days"
]
}
],
"terms": [
{
"term": "Article 5 cascade",
"aka": [
"product-liability cascade"
],
"gloss": "Rome II’s ordered connecting factors for a product-liability claim: the habitual residence of the person sustaining the damage when the damage occurred, then the country of acquisition, then the country of damage, each limb applying only if the product was marketed there. The timing matters: a claimant who has moved since the injury is placed by where she was then, not where she is now. Art. 4(2) takes priority where claimant and defendant are habitually resident in the same country, and art. 23(1) fixes a company’s habitual residence at its central administration, or at a branch or establishment where the damage arises in the course of its operation. Within art. 5(1) a foreseeability override applies the law of the habitual residence of the person claimed to be liable where marketing in the selected country could not reasonably have been foreseen, and art. 5(2) displaces the whole cascade for a manifestly closer connection with another country. The cascade is displaced entirely where the 1973 Hague Products Liability Convention applies: art. 28(1) of Rome II preserves conventions to which a Member State was party when Rome II was adopted, and because the 1973 Convention also binds non-Member States art. 28(2) does not claw it back, so it continues to govern in France, Spain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Finland, Croatia, and Slovenia.",
"doctrine": "Product liability"
},
{
"term": "Brussels Ia",
"aka": [
"Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012",
"Brussels I Recast"
],
"doctrine": "Recognition and enforcement",
"gloss": "Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. Between Member States it is the strongest judgment regime in this column’s sample and it beats every Hague instrument inside the Union: art. 36(1) recognizes a judgment given in one Member State in the others “without any special procedure being required” and art. 39 makes it enforceable “without any declaration of enforceability being required.” Refusal is possible only on the closed list in arts. 45 and 46, on the application of an interested party, and art. 45(3) forbids review of the jurisdiction of the court of origin outside the protective and exclusive heads. Art. 23(4)(a) of the 2019 Judgments Convention stands aside for a regime of this kind adopted before that Convention was concluded. Denmark is bound not by the Regulation but by a parallel agreement with the Union."
},
{
"term": "Call-in window",
"aka": [
"call-in power",
"ex officio review"
],
"gloss": "The period after completion during which a screening authority may open a review, and unwind, a transaction it was never asked to clear. Reg (EU) 2026/1386 sets two floors. Where the investment was not subject to a prior authorization requirement, art. 4(4) requires at least 15 months and permits Member States to go to a maximum of five years. Where it was subject to authorization and was not filed, or was filed only after completion, art. 4(5) requires at least 24 months and sets no maximum.",
"doctrine": "Foreign investment screening"
},
{
"term": "Choice-of-law clause",
"aka": [
"governing-law clause"
],
"gloss": "A contract term by which the parties select the law governing their contractual relationship. Within contract it is given effect by art. 3 of Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 (Rome I), subject to the consumer floor in art. 6(2), the employment floor in art. 8, overriding mandatory provisions under art. 9, and public policy under art. 21. It binds only the parties who agreed it, and it does not fix the law applicable to a non-contractual claim by a stranger to the contract, which Rome II assigns by its own rules. It is not irrelevant there either: a pre-existing contractual relationship is a connecting factor under Rome II art. 4(3) and the express example of a manifestly closer connection under art. 5(2), which selects the law of a country and not the law the clause chose.",
"doctrine": "Choice of law"
},
{
"term": "Foreign-investment screening",
"aka": [
"FDI screening",
"national security review",
"investment screening"
],
"gloss": "Review of an acquisition by a state authority for national-security or public-order risk, with power to prohibit it or clear it subject to conditions. It is separate from competition review, applies its own thresholds, and in the EU is being made mandatory in every Member State by art. 3(1) of Reg (EU) 2026/1386, which each Member State must have notified to the Commission under art. 3(2) by January 17, 2028. Art. 4(15) of the same Regulation sets a sector floor: a prior authorization requirement is compulsory where the target works on the technologies listed in Annex I. CFIUS is the United States mechanism of this kind, not a synonym for the concept.",
"doctrine": "Foreign investment screening"
},
{
"term": "Gun-jumping",
"aka": [
"standstill obligation",
"suspensory obligation"
],
"doctrine": "Merger control",
"gloss": "Completing, or implementing in substance, a transaction that a suspensory regime required to be cleared first. Merger control and foreign-investment screening both impose it, and the sanction is the thing to price rather than the prohibition: under the national screening regimes in this column’s Release 02 the consequence ranges from a fine, through an untimed power to unwind, to nullity by operation of law in France, Latvia, and Lithuania and a suspensive condition in Austria, Croatia, and Cyprus. Case C-213/04 Burtscher is the reason a nullity that follows automatically from a late filing is not beyond challenge: the Court held that art. 56(1) EC, now art. 63 TFEU, precludes national legislation under which the mere fact that a required declaration is filed late makes the transaction retroactively invalid."
},
{
"term": "Hague Choice of Court Convention",
"aka": [
"2005 Convention"
],
"gloss": "The 2005 Convention, in force since October 1, 2015. Where the parties have concluded an exclusive choice-of-court agreement, the chosen court must hear the case unless the agreement is null and void under the law of that state (art. 5), the courts of other contracting states must suspend or dismiss on the terms of art. 6, and the resulting judgment circulates under art. 8 subject to the refusal grounds in art. 9. Art. 3(b) presumes exclusivity where the courts of one contracting state are designated unless the parties expressly provide otherwise. Art. 22 extends the regime to non-exclusive agreements only where both states concerned have declared; Switzerland is so far the only Contracting Party to have declared, on September 18, 2024, so no art. 22 regime is yet operative between any two of them. Two limits decide whether it reaches a technology deal at all. Art. 2(2) excludes the validity of intellectual property rights other than copyright at point (n) and their infringement at point (o), except where infringement proceedings are brought for breach of a contract between the parties relating to those rights or could have been. And art. 16(1) applies the Convention only to agreements concluded after its entry into force for the state of the chosen court, which is the trap in a clause drafted before that date. It is in force in 39 of the 116 entries in this column’s Release 01 dataset.",
"doctrine": "Choice of court"
},
{
"term": "Hague Evidence Convention",
"aka": [
"1970 Evidence Convention",
"Convention of 18 March 1970"
],
"gloss": "The Convention of 18 March 1970 on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters. It supplies a letter-of-request channel and a consular and commissioner channel for obtaining evidence in another contracting state. Sixty-nine of the 116 entries in this column’s enforcement dataset are party, ten fewer than the Service Convention, so a dispute can have a treaty route for service and none for evidence.",
"doctrine": "Recognition and enforcement"
},
{
"term": "Hague Judgments Convention",
"aka": [
"2019 Convention",
"Convention 41"
],
"gloss": "The 2019 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil or Commercial Matters. It creates a circulation regime for judgments between contracting parties on the jurisdictional bases listed in art. 5, with exclusions in art. 2 and refusal grounds in art. 7. Being bound is not the whole answer: under art. 29 the Convention has effect between two Contracting States only if neither has notified the depositary regarding the other, so a count of contracting parties is the outer bound of the network rather than its size. It entered into force in 2023 and remains far narrower than the New York Convention’s; it is in force in 33 of the 116 entries in this column’s Release 01 dataset. The United States signed in 2022 and has not ratified. Scope is the gate that matters on a technology beat: art. 2(1) excludes intellectual property at point (m), and also privacy at (l), defamation at (k), insolvency at (e), and most competition claims at (p), so a technology dispute is frequently outside it even between two contracting parties.",
"doctrine": "Recognition and enforcement"
},
{
"term": "Hague Service Convention",
"aka": [
"1965 Service Convention",
"Convention of 15 November 1965"
],
"gloss": "The Convention of 15 November 1965 on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters. It applies where a document has to be transmitted abroad for service, and where it applies the channels it provides are exclusive of any other route the forum might otherwise have used, so membership constrains as well as enables. Seventy-nine of the 116 entries in this column’s enforcement dataset are party. Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR carry their own entries, because the Convention extends to them separately from the People’s Republic.",
"doctrine": "Recognition and enforcement"
},
{
"term": "Merger control",
"aka": [
"antitrust clearance",
"Phase I",
"Phase II"
],
"gloss": "Competition review of a transaction. The EU test, in art. 2(3) of Reg (EC) No 139/2004, is whether the concentration would significantly impede effective competition, in particular as a result of the creation or strengthening of a dominant position: dominance is an illustration inside that test, not an alternative to it, and it was the pre-2004 test, in art. 2(3) of Reg (EEC) No 4064/89. Other regimes ask instead whether the transaction would substantially lessen competition: in the United States under section 7 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 18, and in the United Kingdom under section 22 of the Enterprise Act 2002. Its thresholds are financial, turnover in the EU and transaction and party size in the United States under 15 U.S.C. § 18a, and are not the buyer’s nationality. Clearance under it says nothing about foreign-investment screening or the subsidies regime.",
"doctrine": "Merger control"
},
{
"term": "New York Convention",
"aka": [
"1958 Convention",
"NYC"
],
"gloss": "The 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. Art. II obliges contracting states to recognize arbitration agreements; art. III obliges them to recognize an award as binding and enforce it, in accordance with the rules of procedure of the territory where the award is relied upon, subject to the refusal grounds in art. V. Art. I(1) reaches awards made in another state and awards not treated as domestic where enforcement is sought; art. I(3) permits the reciprocity and commercial reservations, and whether a given state has entered either is recorded against that state on the UNCITRAL status table rather than counted here. It has 172 contracting states, and is in force in 113 of the 116 entries in this column’s Release 01 dataset.",
"doctrine": "Arbitration"
},
{
"term": "Overriding mandatory provisions",
"aka": [
"lois de police",
"art. 9 Rome I",
"art. 16 Rome II"
],
"doctrine": "Choice of law",
"gloss": "Rules a state regards as crucial for safeguarding its public interests to such an extent that they apply to any situation falling within their scope, whatever law the conflicts rules otherwise select. Rome I art. 9(1) defines them and art. 9(2) preserves those of the forum; Rome II art. 16 does the same for non-contractual obligations. They are the reason a correctly reasoned choice-of-law answer can still be the wrong answer: the applicable law decides the claim, and these apply on top of it. They are narrower than mandatory rules that merely cannot be contracted around, which is the category art. 3(3) of Rome I and art. 6(2) address."
},
{
"term": "Party autonomy",
"aka": [
"freedom of choice",
"Article 14"
],
"gloss": "The parties’ freedom to choose the applicable law. Rome II art. 14 permits it for non-contractual obligations, but only between the parties to the obligation and, before the event, only between commercial parties on freely negotiated terms. Art. 14(2) and art. 14(3) then preserve the non-derogable rules of a single connected country and of Union law respectively, so a choice cannot escape them. For intellectual property the bar is absolute: art. 8(3) provides that the law applicable under art. 8 “may not be derogated from by an agreement pursuant to Article 14”. Art. 6(4) is worded identically for unfair competition and restrictions of competition, with one qualification worth knowing: where an act of unfair competition affects exclusively the interests of a specific competitor, art. 6(2) applies art. 4 instead, and how far art. 6(4) reaches a claim routed that way is contested. On a technology beat the carve-out to rely on is art. 8(3).",
"doctrine": "Party autonomy"
},
{
"term": "Prior authorization requirement",
"aka": [
"notifiable transaction",
"mandatory filing",
"suspensory filing"
],
"doctrine": "Foreign investment screening",
"gloss": "A rule requiring clearance before a transaction may complete, as against a power to review one that has already completed. The distinction decides which clock a deal is on under Reg (EU) 2026/1386: art. 4(4), with a floor of 15 months and a ceiling of five years, is confined to an investment not subject to a prior authorization requirement, and art. 4(5), with a floor of 24 months and no stated maximum, applies where the investment was subject to one and was not filed or was filed after completion. A deal that was subject to the requirement and was in fact cleared sits on neither. Art. 4(15) compels a prior authorization requirement in named sectors in every Member State, which is what moves a deal across that line."
},
{
"term": "Privity",
"aka": [],
"gloss": "The principle that a contract binds only its parties. It is the common-law way of putting the point; in a Rome II analysis the work is done by art. 14, under which a choice of law “shall not prejudice the rights of third parties” and a pre-event choice is confined to commercial parties on freely negotiated terms. Either way, the injured consumer signed nothing.",
"doctrine": "Privity"
},
{
"term": "Recognition and enforcement",
"aka": [
"enforceability",
"collectability"
],
"gloss": "Two distinct acts that a single phrase runs together. Recognition gives a foreign judgment or award effect as a determination, so it can be relied on defensively as res judicata without any execution. Enforcement is the further step of executing it against assets, and in most systems it needs a separate order. A judgment can be recognized and not enforceable. The grounds for refusing either are set by whichever instrument applies: art. V of the 1958 New York Convention for awards, art. 7 of the 2019 Judgments Convention, art. 9 of the 2005 Choice of Court Convention, and arts. 45 and 46 of Brussels Ia, under which the declaration of enforceability between Member States was abolished. Where no instrument applies, the destination’s own recognition law governs, and this column does not measure it. This is the question that decides whether winning is worth anything.",
"doctrine": "Recognition and enforcement"
},
{
"term": "Representative action",
"aka": [
"Directive (EU) 2020/1828",
"collective redress"
],
"doctrine": "Collective redress",
"gloss": "An action brought by a designated qualified entity on behalf of consumers under Directive (EU) 2020/1828. Art. 6(1) requires Member States to let an entity designated in advance in another Member State bring a cross-border action before their courts, and art. 2(1) reaches infringements “where those infringements ceased before the representative action was brought.” What the entity can obtain is two different things. An injunction is available on easy terms: under art. 8(3) no individual consumer has to come forward to be represented. Redress is narrower, because art. 2(2) provides that the Directive does not affect the remedies Union or national law establishes, art. 9(1) gives remedies only “as appropriate and as available under Union or national law,” and art. 9(3) requires consumers not habitually resident in the forum Member State to opt in expressly. Annex I lists the instruments it can be brought under, including Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms at point (2)."
},
{
"term": "Revised Product Liability Directive",
"aka": [
"Directive (EU) 2024/2853",
"new PLD"
],
"doctrine": "Product liability",
"gloss": "Directive (EU) 2024/2853, which replaces Directive 85/374/EEC for products placed on the market or put into service after December 9, 2026, the same date as its transposition deadline. Art. 4(1) settles that a “product” includes software; art. 2(2) carves out free and open-source software supplied outside a commercial activity. Art. 8 lists the economic operators liable, and limb (a), the manufacturer, carries no requirement of establishment in the Union. Art. 15 makes the liability non-excludable by contract. Art. 16 sets a three-year limitation running from knowledge and contains no outer period; art. 17 sets the outer periods, ten years from the placing on the market of the individual product and twenty-five for a latent personal injury, each subject to the carve-out that the entitlement survives where proceedings have been initiated in the meantime."
},
{
"term": "Rome I",
"aka": [
"Regulation (EC) No 593/2008"
],
"doctrine": "Choice of law",
"gloss": "Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations, the companion to Rome II and the instrument that actually governs a choice-of-law clause. Art. 3 gives effect to the parties’ choice; art. 4 supplies the rules where there is none. Three provisions cut across a chosen law: art. 6(2) preserves for a consumer the non-derogable protections of the law of her habitual residence where the professional directs activities there, art. 8 does the same for an employee, and art. 9 preserves the overriding mandatory provisions of the forum. Art. 21 allows refusal on public policy and art. 20 excludes renvoi. It binds every Member State except Denmark."
},
{
"term": "Rome II",
"aka": [
"Regulation (EC) No 864/2007"
],
"gloss": "Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations. It fixes the law governing a tort or delict by its own rules rather than by the parties’ contract: art. 4(1) is the general rule, the law of the country in which the damage occurs; art. 4(2) displaces it where claimant and defendant are habitually resident in the same country; art. 5 is the product-liability cascade. Art. 14 permits a choice of law for a non-contractual obligation, but only between the parties to that obligation, and only on terms: a pre-event choice requires that all the parties be pursuing a commercial activity under a freely negotiated agreement. Arts. 16, 17, and 26 each let another law back in. It binds every Member State except Denmark and applies to events giving rise to damage occurring after January 11, 2009, which arts. 31 and 32 settle only when read together, as the Court held in Homawoo.",
"doctrine": "Choice of law"
},
{
"term": "Ultimate control",
"aka": [
"look-through",
"control chain"
],
"gloss": "Who actually controls an acquirer, traced through the chain of ownership and control to the person or state at the top, rather than read off the acquirer’s certificate of incorporation. This is the connecting factor Reg (EU) 2026/1386 adopts, and it is why an acquisition by an EU-incorporated buyer can still be a foreign investment: art. 2, point (5) confines “foreign investor” to a non-Member-State national or an undertaking organized under the law of a third country, but art. 2, point (7) separately defines that investor’s subsidiary in the Union, and art. 2, point (1) catches an investment carried out through it. The look-through catches the investment, not the buyer’s status. It is not the same test as beneficial ownership under the anti-money-laundering directives, which fixes a percentage threshold for identifying natural persons behind a legal entity; control here is about decisive influence over the undertaking.",
"doctrine": "Foreign investment screening"
}
],
"wire": [
{
"date": "2028-08-02",
"kind": "applies",
"text": "AI Act high-risk obligations for AI embedded as a safety component in regulated products",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, art. 113, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744"
},
{
"date": "2028-01-17",
"kind": "applies",
"text": "EU FDI screening, Reg (EU) 2026/1386, applies; Member States must have notified their mechanisms",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1386, art. 3(2), and recital 66"
},
{
"date": "2027-12-02",
"kind": "applies",
"text": "AI Act standalone high-risk obligations",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, art. 113, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744"
},
{
"date": "2027-08-02",
"kind": "applies",
"text": "AI Act regulatory sandboxes",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, art. 57(1), as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744"
},
{
"date": "2027-06-05",
"kind": "deadline",
"text": "Japan: outer limit for the 2026 FEFTA amendment to take effect",
"source": "Act promulgated 5 June 2026, to take effect on a date to be fixed and no later than 5 June 2027"
},
{
"date": "2027-06-01",
"kind": "deadline",
"text": "Paramount / WBD standstill ends: five days after a merits ruling or June 1, 2027, whichever is earlier. June 1, 2027 is the outer limit, not a floor",
"source": "State of California v. Paramount Skydance Corp., No. 4:26-cv-07116 (N.D. Cal.); Office of the New York Attorney General, press release, reporting the parties' stipulation"
},
{
"date": "2027-03-02",
"kind": "trial",
"text": "Paramount / WBD antitrust trial listed to open, N.D. Cal. A listing, not a fixed event",
"source": "State of California v. Paramount Skydance Corp., No. 4:26-cv-07116 (N.D. Cal.), complaint filed 13 July 2026; the March 2, 2027 listing is taken from the Office of the New York Attorney General’s press release and from contemporaneous reporting, not from a scheduling order read for this entry"
},
{
"date": "2026-12-09",
"kind": "deadline",
"text": "Revised Product Liability Directive, transposition deadline; applies to products placed on the market after this date",
"source": "Directive (EU) 2024/2853, arts. 2(1), 21(1) and 22(1)"
},
{
"date": "2026-12-02",
"kind": "applies",
"text": "AI Act: art. 50(2) marking deadline for systems already on the market, and the new art. 5 prohibitions",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, arts. 5 and 111(4), as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744"
},
{
"date": "2026-10-05",
"kind": "deadline",
"text": "Switzerland: consultation closes on the ordinance implementing the Investment Screening Act",
"source": "Federal Council consultation on the Investitionspruefungsverordnung, opened 12 June 2026, closing 5 October 2026 (SECO); the Act itself, BBl 2026 31, is expected in force in 2027"
},
{
"date": "2026-08-02",
"kind": "applies",
"text": "AI Act art. 50 transparency obligations begin to apply",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, art. 113"
},
{
"date": "2026-07-27",
"kind": "force",
"text": "Digital Omnibus on AI, Reg (EU) 2026/1744, enters into force",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, OJ L, 2026/1744, 24.7.2026"
},
{
"date": "2026-07-16",
"kind": "force",
"text": "EU FDI screening, Reg (EU) 2026/1386, enters into force",
"source": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1386, OJ L, 2026/1386, 26.6.2026"
},
{
"date": "2025-02-27",
"kind": "decided",
"text": "Case C-537/23, asymmetric jurisdiction clauses",
"source": "Societa Italiana Lastre SpA (SIL) v. Agora SARL, Case C-537/23, judgment of 27 February 2025"
},
{
"date": "2009-01-11",
"kind": "applies",
"text": "Rome II, Reg (EC) No 864/2007",
"source": "Regulation (EC) No 864/2007, arts. 31 and 32, read with Case C-412/10 Homawoo"
}
],
"datasets": [
{
"id": "enforcement-network-2026-08",
"title": "Release 01: The Cross-Border Enforcement Network",
"csv": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/cross-border-enforcement-network-2026-08.csv",
"rows": [
{
"jurisdiction": "Austria",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1961-07-31",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State: bound by the 2019 Judgments Convention and the 2005 Choice of Court Convention through the European Union's accession/approval (REIO), not by individual ratification; HCCH status table lists it as 'A EU *' / 'Ap EU *'. 2019 Convention in force for EU (minus Denmark) 2023-09-01; 2005 Convention in force for EU (minus Denmark) 2015-10-01."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Belgium",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1975-11-16",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State: bound by the 2019 Judgments Convention and the 2005 Choice of Court Convention through the European Union's accession/approval (REIO), not by individual ratification; HCCH status table lists it as 'A EU *' / 'Ap EU *'. 2019 Convention in force for EU (minus Denmark) 2023-09-01; 2005 Convention in force for EU (minus Denmark) 2015-10-01."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Bulgaria",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1962-01-08",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State: bound by the 2019 Judgments Convention and the 2005 Choice of Court Convention through the European Union's accession/approval (REIO), not by individual ratification; HCCH status table lists it as 'A EU *' / 'Ap EU *'. 2019 Convention in force for EU (minus Denmark) 2023-09-01; 2005 Convention in force for EU (minus Denmark) 2015-10-01."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Croatia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1991-10-08",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1981-03-29",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Czechia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1993-01-01",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Denmark",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1973-03-22",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies by parallel agreement",
"lugano_2007": "in force; own signature",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State but NOT bound by the 2019 Judgments Convention: Denmark's Protocol No 22 opt-out means the EU accession does not extend to it, and Denmark is absent from the cid=137 status table. Denmark acceded to the 2005 Choice of Court Convention in its own right (deposited 2018-05-30, in force 2018-09-01). Denmark's Article 21 declaration of 30 May 2018 under the 2005 Convention excludes insurance contracts, with exceptions for reinsurance, post-dispute agreements and large commercial risks, and provides that the Convention shall not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The in force cell is therefore true of Denmark proper and overstates the territorial and subject-matter scope."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Estonia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1993-11-28",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Finland",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1962-04-19",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "France",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1959-09-24",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Germany",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1961-09-28",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Greece",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1962-10-14",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Hungary",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1962-06-03",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Ireland",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1981-08-10",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Italy",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1969-05-01",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Latvia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1992-07-13",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Lithuania",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1995-06-12",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Luxembourg",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1983-12-08",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Malta",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2000-09-20",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Netherlands",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1964-07-23",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Poland",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1962-01-01",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Portugal",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1995-01-16",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Romania",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1961-12-12",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Slovakia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1993-01-01",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Slovenia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1991-06-25",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Spain",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1977-08-10",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Sweden",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1972-04-27",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "applies",
"lugano_2007": "in force; through the European Union",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "EU Member State; bound to both HCCH judgments instruments via EU accession (see Austria note)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "United Kingdom",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2025-07-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1975-12-23",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Post-Brexit: acceded to the 2019 Judgments Convention in its own right (in force 2025-07-01) and re-acceded to the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (HCCH records continuous application from 2015-10-01)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "United States",
"hague_judgments_2019": "signed not ratified",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "signed not ratified",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1970-12-29",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Signed both the 2019 Judgments Convention (2022-03-02) and the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (2009-01-19); neither ratified. Party to Service, Evidence and the New York Convention."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Canada",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1986-08-10",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Australia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1975-06-24",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "New Zealand",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1983-04-06",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Switzerland",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1965-08-30",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "in force; contracting party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Acceded to the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (in force 2025-01-01). Not a party to the 2019 Judgments Convention."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Norway",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1961-06-12",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "in force; contracting party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Iceland",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2002-04-24",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "in force; contracting party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Liechtenstein",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2011-10-05",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Andorra",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2026-06-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2015-09-17",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Acceded to the 2019 Judgments Convention, in force 2026-06-01."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Monaco",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1982-08-31",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Acceded to the 2005 Choice of Court Convention, in force 2026-03-01. Not a party to the 2019 Judgments Convention."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "San Marino",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1979-08-15",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Ukraine",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1961-01-08",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Ratified the 2019 Judgments Convention (in force 2023-09-01) and the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (in force 2023-08-01)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Turkey",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1992-09-30",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Israel",
"hague_judgments_2019": "signed not ratified",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "signed not ratified",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1959-06-07",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Signed both the 2019 Judgments Convention (2021-03-03) and the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (2021-03-03); neither ratified."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Russia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "signed not ratified",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1960-11-22",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Signed the 2019 Judgments Convention (2021-11-17); not ratified."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Belarus",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1961-02-13",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Serbia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1992-04-27",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Albania",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2026-03-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2001-09-25",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Ratified the 2019 Judgments Convention (in force 2026-03-01) and the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (in force 2024-10-01)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Montenegro",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2026-03-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2006-06-03",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Ratified the 2019 Judgments Convention (in force 2026-03-01) and the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (in force 2018-08-01)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "North Macedonia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "signed not ratified",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1991-11-17",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Signed the 2019 Judgments Convention (2023-05-16), not ratified; party to the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (in force 2025-03-01)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1992-03-06",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Kosovo",
"hague_judgments_2019": "signed not ratified",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "signed not ratified",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "not a party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Listed on both HCCH judgments status tables as a signatory (19-IX-2024) but not a Contracting Party; not an HCCH Member; not listed by UNCITRAL as a New York Convention party."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Moldova",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1998-12-17",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Acceded to the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (in force 2024-07-01)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Georgia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1994-08-31",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Armenia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1998-03-29",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Azerbaijan",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2000-05-29",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Kazakhstan",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1996-02-18",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Uzbekistan",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1996-05-07",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Mongolia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1995-01-22",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "China",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "signed not ratified",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1987-04-22",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Signed the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (2017-09-12); not ratified. Not a signatory of the 2019 Judgments Convention."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Hong Kong SAR",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1997-07-01",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Not a separate contracting party. The 1965 Service Convention (in force for Hong Kong 1970-07-19) and the 1970 Evidence Convention (in force 1978-08-22) were extended by the UK and continue to apply to the HKSAR; the New York Convention applies by China's territorial extension from 1997-07-01 (UNCITRAL note (h)). Neither HCCH judgments instrument applies."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Macao SAR",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2005-07-19",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Not a separate contracting party. The 1965 Service Convention was extended to Macao by Portugal with effect from 1999-04-12 and the 1970 Evidence Convention from 1999-12-14; China notified the depositary that both apply to the Macao SAR with effect from 1999-12-20 and assumed the resulting international rights and obligations, with declarations of its own for the territory. The New York Convention was extended to Macao SAR by China with effect from 2005-07-19 (UNCITRAL note (h)). Neither HCCH judgments instrument applies."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Japan",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1961-09-18",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "South Korea",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1973-05-09",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "India",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1960-10-11",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Pakistan",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2005-10-12",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Bangladesh",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1992-08-04",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Sri Lanka",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1962-07-08",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Singapore",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1986-11-19",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Ratified the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (in force 2016-10-01). Not a party to the 2019 Judgments Convention."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Malaysia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1986-02-03",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Indonesia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1982-01-05",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Philippines",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1967-10-04",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Vietnam",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1995-12-11",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Thailand",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1960-03-20",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Brazil",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2002-09-05",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Mexico",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1971-07-13",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Acceded to the 2005 Choice of Court Convention in 2007; entry into force 2015-10-01 with the Convention itself."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Argentina",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1989-06-12",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Chile",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1975-12-03",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Colombia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1979-12-24",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Peru",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1988-10-05",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Uruguay",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2024-10-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1983-06-28",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Ratified the 2019 Judgments Convention (in force 2024-10-01). Not a party to the 2005 Choice of Court Convention."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Paraguay",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1998-01-06",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Ecuador",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1962-04-03",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Costa Rica",
"hague_judgments_2019": "signed not ratified",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "signed not ratified",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1988-01-24",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Signed the 2019 Judgments Convention (2021-09-16) and the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (2025-03-05); neither ratified."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Panama",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1985-01-08",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Nicaragua",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2003-12-23",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Honduras",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2001-01-01",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Guatemala",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1984-06-19",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "El Salvador",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1998-05-27",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Dominican Republic",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2002-07-10",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Suriname",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2023-02-08",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Venezuela",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1995-05-09",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "South Africa",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1976-08-01",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Namibia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "not a party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "HCCH Member but not a party to any of the four listed conventions; notably NOT a party to the New York Convention (absent from the UNCITRAL status list)."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Botswana",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1972-03-19",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Zambia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2002-06-12",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Zimbabwe",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1994-12-28",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Malawi",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2021-06-02",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1996-09-17",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Seychelles",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2020-05-03",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Ghana",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1968-07-08",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Nigeria",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1970-06-15",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Kenya",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1989-05-11",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Uganda",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1992-05-12",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Tanzania",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1965-01-11",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Party to the New York Convention as the United Republic of Tanzania; not a party to any HCCH instrument listed and not an HCCH Member."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Rwanda",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2009-01-29",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Burkina Faso",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1987-06-21",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Egypt",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1959-06-07",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Morocco",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1959-06-07",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Tunisia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1967-10-15",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Saudi Arabia",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1994-07-18",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "UAE",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2006-11-19",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Qatar",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2003-03-30",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Bahrain",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1988-07-05",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Acceded to the 2005 Choice of Court Convention (in force 2025-07-01) although not an HCCH Member."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Jordan",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "1980-02-13",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Fiji",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2010-12-26",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Papua New Guinea",
"hague_judgments_2019": "not a party",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "not a party",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "2019-10-15",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "not applicable",
"lugano_2007": "not a party",
"hcch_member": "no",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "No convention-specific caveat; statuses read directly from the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables."
},
{
"jurisdiction": "European Union",
"hague_judgments_2019": "in force",
"hague_judgments_in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"hague_choice_of_court_2005": "in force",
"hague_service_1965": "not a party",
"hague_evidence_1970": "not a party",
"ny_convention_1958": "not a party",
"ny_convention_in_force_from": "",
"brussels_ia_1215_2012": "the instrument itself",
"lugano_2007": "in force; contracting party",
"hcch_member": "yes",
"source_url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=137 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=17 | https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=82 | https://www.hcch.net/en/states/hcch-members | https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/conventions/foreign_arbitral_awards/status2 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22007A1221(03)",
"source_date": "2026-08-20",
"note": "Regional Economic Integration Organization and HCCH Member. Approved the 2005 Convention (in force 2015-10-01) and acceded to the 2019 Convention (in force 2023-09-01); both bind all Member States except Denmark for the 2019 Convention. The EU is not itself a party to the 1965/1970 Conventions or the New York Convention."
}
]
},
{
"id": "post-closing-reach-2026-08",
"title": "Release 02: How Long Can a Closed Deal Be Reopened?",
"csv": "https://conflictsandcapital.netlify.app/data/post-closing-reach-2026-08.csv",
"rows": [
{
"jurisdiction": "Nigeria",
"region": "Africa",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "no dedicated screening mechanism",
"official_citation": "Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission Act, Act No. 16 of 1995, ss. 17, 18, 20, 25, 31",
"mandatory_notification": "not applicable",
"in_force_from": "not applicable",
"ai_named": "not applicable",
"semiconductors_named": "not applicable",
"post_closing_reach": "none",
"post_closing_detail": "registration is a formality and the only power to disturb a completed investment is the general expropriation exception",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. The Act contains no post-closing foreign-investment or national-security review. A non-Nigerian may invest in any enterprise other than those on the negative list, which is closed to all investors alike, and an enterprise with foreign participation must register with the Commission before commencing business, which the Commission must process within fourteen working days. The only power to disturb a completed investment is the general rule that no enterprise shall be nationalised or expropriated unless in the national interest or for a public purpose, against fair and adequate compensation and with access to court.",
"provision_refs": "Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission Act, Act No. 16 of 1995, ss. 17, 18, 20, 25, 31",
"source_url": "https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-laws/laws/234/nigeria-nigerian-investment-promotion-commission-act",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "A valid finding. No amendment introducing security screening was identified. Sector regulators impose separate change-of-control approvals, which were not verified and are not part of a screening regime.",
"confidence": "medium-high",
"outer_limit_months": "no_power",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "no_power",
"regime_status": "none",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "intergovernmental_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "South Africa",
"region": "Africa",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Competition Act 89 of 1998 s. 18A, inserted by s. 14 of the Competition Amendment Act 18 of 2018, establishing a national-security committee appointed by the President. Apparently not yet brought into operation.",
"official_citation": "Competition Act 89 of 1998 s. 18A(1), (2), (6), (7), (11), (13)(a), (14); Competition Amendment Act 18 of 2018 ss. 14 and 46",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "not verified",
"ai_named": "not verified",
"semiconductors_named": "not verified",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "revocation of approval with no stated limit, and a permanent bar on clearing an unnotified deal, both contingent on commencement",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed period as drafted. The committee may revoke its approval where the approval rested on incorrect information, was obtained by deceit, or an obligation attached to it was breached, with no time limit stated. Separately, where the foreign acquiring firm failed to file the notice, the Commission may not consider the merger at all, so the transaction is left permanently unapprovable.",
"provision_refs": "Competition Act 89 of 1998 s. 18A(1), (2), (6), (7), (11), (13)(a), (14); Competition Amendment Act 18 of 2018 ss. 14 and 46",
"source_url": "http://www.thedtic.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/CC-Competition-Act.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commencement is the critical caveat. The last official implementation note that could be verified, dated 20 October 2020, lists s. 14 of the Amendment Act, which inserts s. 18A, among the provisions not in effect, together with the definition of foreign acquiring firm. Whether s. 18A has since been proclaimed, and whether the President has published the list of national security interests, could not be verified. Ordinary merger control including the public-interest limb is definitely in force.",
"confidence": "high on the text of s. 18A; medium-low on current commencement status",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Australia",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 1975 (as amended 2020)",
"official_citation": "Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 1975 (Cth) s. 66A; Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Regulation 2015 (Cth) reg. 60A",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2021-01-01",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "window",
"post_closing_detail": "10 years from the day the action was taken, prescribed by regulation 60A rather than by the Act, but the last-resort powers reach even a cleared action with no outer limit found",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; 10 years from the day the action was taken. The ten years is prescribed by regulation 60A of the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Regulation 2015, not by the Act, which says only that the Treasurer may start a review within the time prescribed by the regulations. That ten years is not the whole exposure. The last-resort powers in Part 3 Division 3 reach actions that have already been cleared, where a national security risk has since arisen or false information was given, and no express outer time limit was found in that Division. A buyer who notified and was cleared therefore has a date for the review power and no date for the last-resort power.",
"provision_refs": "Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 1975 s. 66A(1)-(5) and ss. 79A-79K; Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Regulation 2015 ss. 8AA and 60A, inserted by F2020L01568",
"source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2020L01568/asmade/2020-12-10/text/original/pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "The ten-year figure is almost always cited to section 66A of the Act, which does not contain it. Section 66A(2) says only that the Treasurer may start a review within the time prescribed by the regulations, and regulation 60A prescribes ten years. Separately, the last resort powers in Part 3 Division 3 reach actions that have already been cleared, where a national security risk has since arisen or false information was given, and no express outer time limit was found in that Division. Neither the Act nor the Regulation names artificial intelligence or semiconductors; the published List of Critical Technologies in the National Interest does, but it is policy.",
"confidence": "high on the call-in and on the correction to the citation; the currency of regulation 60A’s exact wording in the latest compilation was not re-read verbatim",
"outer_limit_months": "120",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "120",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "yes",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "China",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment (NDRC and MOFCOM Order No. 37 of 2020), under art. 35 of the Foreign Investment Law",
"official_citation": "Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment, NDRC and MOFCOM Order No. 37 of 2020, issued 19 December 2020; Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, art. 35",
"mandatory_notification": "yes, for investments within the art. 4 declaration scope",
"in_force_from": "2021-01-18",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "no limitation period; late filing can be ordered, then disposal and restoration to the pre-investment state",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. Where an investment inside the declaration scope was implemented without filing, art. 16 empowers the working-mechanism office to order a filing within a set period, and on refusal to order disposal of the equity or assets and other measures necessary to restore the position before the investment was made. No article attaches any limitation period to that power, and art. 15 allows organs, undertakings, associations and the public to suggest a review at any time. Art. 12 imposes the same disposal and restoration duty on a prohibited investment already implemented. Art. 35 of the Foreign Investment Law makes a security review decision final.",
"provision_refs": "Measures arts. 4, 12, 15, 16, 23; Foreign Investment Law art. 35",
"source_url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/fzggwl/202012/P020201219582032130362.pdf | http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc///c2/c30834/201905/t20190521_297827.html",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "The art. 4 sector list names military and military-supporting industry, important agricultural products, energy and resources, major equipment manufacturing, infrastructure, transport services, cultural products and services, important information technology and internet products and services, financial services and key technologies. Neither artificial intelligence nor semiconductors is named; both would be reached only through the open-ended key-technology and information-technology headings.",
"confidence": "high on the absence of a limitation period, read from the NDRC’s own text of Order No. 37 and the NPC text of the Foreign Investment Law",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "India",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Government-route approval for land-border investors, para. 3.1.1 of the Consolidated FDI Policy, given force by the FEM (Non-debt Instruments) Rules 2019",
"official_citation": "DPIIT Press Note No. 2 (2026 Series), 15 March 2026, amending Press Note No. 3 (2020 Series); FEM (Non-debt Instruments) Rules 2019, r. 6; FEMA 1999, ss. 13, 49",
"mandatory_notification": "yes, as a condition precedent rather than a filing: a land-border investor may invest only under the Government route",
"in_force_from": "not verified",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "there is no screening call-in at all; approval is a condition precedent, and closing without it is an untimed FEMA contravention",
"call_in_post_closing": "no, and the reason matters. India has no post-closing screening power because approval is a condition precedent. A deal closed without the required Government approval is simply a contravention of the Non-debt Instruments Rules and so of FEMA, exposing the parties under s. 13(1) to a penalty of up to three times the sum involved and to confiscation. FEMA contains no limitation period for a contravention: its only limitation provision, s. 49, bars cognizance of offences under the repealed FERA 1973 after two years and does not reach FEMA contraventions. Exposure therefore runs indefinitely from closing, and the practical route back is compounding or a retrospective approval rather than the lapse of time.",
"provision_refs": "Consolidated FDI Policy para. 3.1.1(a) to (d); NDI Rules 2019 r. 6 and Sch. I; FEMA 1999 ss. 13, 49",
"source_url": "https://www.dpiit.gov.in/static/uploads/2026/03/b9da5830b052c2f2d788593e97d07c63.pdf | https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1988/1/a199942.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Press Note 2 of 2026 states only that it takes effect from the date of the FEMA notification, and the notification itself could not be reached on an official gazette: the Department of Economic Affairs blocks automated retrieval. The in-force date is therefore recorded as not verified rather than estimated. The predecessor regime dates from Press Note 3 of 2020.",
"confidence": "high on the absence of any limitation period, read from India Code’s text of FEMA; the entry-into-force date of the 2026 amendment is not verified",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Indonesia",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "no dedicated screening mechanism",
"official_citation": "Law No. 25 of 2007 on Investment arts. 12(2), 12(3), 34(1)(d); Presidential Regulation No. 10 of 2021 as amended by Presidential Regulation No. 49 of 2021",
"mandatory_notification": "not applicable",
"in_force_from": "not applicable",
"ai_named": "not applicable",
"semiconductors_named": "not applicable",
"post_closing_reach": "none",
"post_closing_detail": "entry is controlled by sector and ownership cap, not by transaction review",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. There is no national-security call-in over a completed transaction. The Investment Law closes only weapons, gunpowder, explosive devices and armaments and fields closed by other statutes, and lets the Government close fields on criteria including national defense and security, both operating at market entry and licensing. Revocation of a business license for breach of investor obligations is a licensing sanction, not a security review of a deal.",
"provision_refs": "Law No. 25 of 2007 on Investment arts. 12(2), 12(3), 34(1)(d); Presidential Regulation No. 10 of 2021 as amended by Presidential Regulation No. 49 of 2021",
"source_url": "https://jdih-storage.bkpm.go.id/jdih/jdih/2007UUINVESTMENT25-ENGLISH-.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "A valid finding. Indonesia screens market access by sector and ownership cap through the positive investment list applied in risk-based licensing, not by national-security review of transactions.",
"confidence": "high",
"outer_limit_months": "no_power",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "no_power",
"regime_status": "none",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Japan",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act, ch. V (inward direct investment), with the Cabinet Order on Inward Direct Investment",
"official_citation": "Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act, Act No. 228 of 1949, as amended (version read: Act No. 97 of 2022); Cabinet Order No. 261 of 1980",
"mandatory_notification": "partial: prior notification is mandatory for designated and core sectors, with an ex post facto report for the rest and for exempt investors",
"in_force_from": "2020",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "art. 29 divestment orders carry no deadline of any kind, neither from completion nor from discovery",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. Art. 29(1) empowers the Minister of Finance and the competent minister, after consulting the Council on Customs, Tariff, Foreign Exchange and Other Transactions, to order a foreign investor to dispose of all or part of the shares or interests acquired and to take other necessary measures. The listed triggers include acquiring without the art. 27(1) or art. 28(1) notification and closing inside the prohibition period. Article 29 has six paragraphs and none contains a deadline; art. 27 and the Cabinet Order were checked and their only periods are the pre-closing prohibition periods and a five-year disqualification from the exemption regime after a violation, which is not a limit on the art. 29 power.",
"provision_refs": "FEFTA arts. 27, 27-2, 28, 29(1) to (6), 70, 72; Cabinet Order No. 261 of 1980 arts. 3-2, 4, 5",
"source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/api/1/articles;lawId=324AC0000000228;article=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%9D%A1 | https://www.mof.go.jp/policy/international_policy/gaitame_kawase/fdi/monitoring_1.html | https://www.mof.go.jp/policy/international_policy/gaitame_kawase/fdi/publicnotice_core.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "The core-sector notice of 16 August 2024 expressly names integrated-circuit manufacturing and semiconductor materials; artificial intelligence does not appear in it. An amending Act was promulgated on 5 June 2026 and will come into force on a date to be fixed by Cabinet Order, no later than 5 June 2027. Its outline creates a new power over investments that were not subject to prior notification but may come to affect national security, so this row will need re-cutting on commencement. The date the 2020 regime took effect could not be pinned to a primary source and is recorded as the year only.",
"confidence": "high on the absence of a limitation period, read from e-Gov’s Japanese text of arts. 27, 29 and 30 rather than a translation; medium on the entry-into-force date",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Malaysia",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "no dedicated screening mechanism",
"official_citation": "MIDA Equity Policy; Companies Act 2016",
"mandatory_notification": "not applicable",
"in_force_from": "not applicable",
"ai_named": "not applicable",
"semiconductors_named": "not applicable",
"post_closing_reach": "none",
"post_closing_detail": "equity conditions are imposed at licensing by sector regulators",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. No general power to reopen a completed transaction on foreign-investment or national-security grounds was identified. What governs instead is ex ante and sectoral: full foreign equity is allowed in new manufacturing projects, equity conditions imposed before June 2003 continue to bind the companies concerned, and individual service sub-sectors carry equity conditions enforced through licensing.",
"provision_refs": "MIDA Equity Policy; Companies Act 2016",
"source_url": "https://www.mida.gov.my/setting-up-content/equity-policy-protect-foreign-investment/",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "A valid finding. The former Foreign Investment Committee guidelines on acquisitions and take-overs are commonly reported as repealed in 2009, but that repeal was not verified against an official instrument and is not asserted here.",
"confidence": "medium",
"outer_limit_months": "no_power",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "no_power",
"regime_status": "none",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "New Zealand",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Overseas Investment Act 2005, pt. 3, national security and public order call-in",
"official_citation": "Overseas Investment Act 2005 (2005 No 82), ss. 81 to 90, inserted by the Overseas Investment (Urgent Measures) Amendment Act 2020 (2020 No 21)",
"mandatory_notification": "partial: mandatory only for military and dual-use technology businesses and critical direct suppliers to the defense force and intelligence agencies; voluntary for other strategically important businesses",
"in_force_from": "2021-06-07",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "s. 84(3) allows review of any call-in transaction that should have been notified, with no longstop; certainty comes from obtaining a direction order, not from waiting",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. S. 85(1) requires notification before a call-in transaction is given effect to, and s. 84(3) then provides that the Minister may review any call-in transaction that should have been notified. No period runs from the date the transaction was given effect, and there is no discovery trigger either. S. 88 allows a direction order imposing conditions where the transaction has been given effect to. Finality in New Zealand is procedural rather than temporal: under s. 84(5), once a direction order has been made the Minister cannot review that transaction again unless the order is revoked under s. 90. A party buys certainty by obtaining a direction order, not by outlasting a clock.",
"provision_refs": "Overseas Investment Act 2005 ss. 81, 82, 83, 84(1) to (5), 85(1) to (3), 87, 88, 90",
"source_url": "https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2020/0021/latest/whole.html | https://www.linz.govt.nz/guidance/overseas-investment/notify-us-your-transaction/find-out-if-you-need-notify-us-your-transaction",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "The operative wording was read from the 2020 Amendment Act as enacted, which is the instrument that inserted ss. 81 to 90; the consolidated Act could not be extracted, though its table of contents as at 28 August 2025 carries the same section headings. The Overseas Investment (National Interest Test and Other Matters) Amendment Act 2025 came into force on 6 March 2026 and does not appear to touch these sections.",
"confidence": "medium-high; the verbatim text is from the amending Act as enacted rather than from the consolidation, which the regulator’s site could not serve",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Singapore",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Significant Investments Review Act 2024, administered by the Office of Significant Investments Review",
"official_citation": "Significant Investments Review Act 2024 (Act 2 of 2024); Significant Investments Review Regulations 2024 (S 229/2024); commencement by S 228/2024",
"mandatory_notification": "partial: mandatory only in relation to designated entities on a published list; non-designated entities file nothing",
"in_force_from": "2024-03-28",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "a transaction in a designated entity done without approval is void and can be unwound at any time; a separate two-year lookback runs backwards from the entity’s own act, not forwards from closing",
"call_in_post_closing": "no, and Singapore runs two exposures of which only one is time-bounded. For a designated entity, a buyer must notify within seven days of becoming a five percent controller and must obtain approval before crossing twelve, twenty-five or fifty percent, and a seller before ceasing to be a fifty or seventy-five percent controller. A transaction that occurs without the necessary approval is void, and the Minister may direct the transfer or disposal of the equity interests. Nothing time-limits voidness or the remedial direction. Separately, and for any entity whether designated or not, the Minister may review an ownership or control transaction where the entity has acted against national security interests, provided the transaction occurred within the two years before that act. That clock runs backwards from the entity’s conduct rather than forwards from completion, so it is not a period a buyer can compute at signing.",
"provision_refs": "not verified",
"source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL-Supp/S228-2024/Published/20240327 | https://www.mti.gov.sg/Newsroom/Speeches/2024/01/Speech-by-Minister-Gan-Kim-Yong-during-the-Second-Reading | https://www.osir.gov.sg/about-sira/acquiring-equity-interest-or-voting-power/",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "The Act has no sector list: designation is entity by entity, so the technology cells are negative by construction rather than by omission. Section numbers are recorded as not verified because Singapore Statutes Online serves only the first part of the Act to an automated reader and refused every deep link; the substance is taken from the commencement notification on the official statutes site, the responsible Minister’s second reading speech and the regulator’s own guidance.",
"confidence": "medium; the commencement date and the substance are verified from Singapore Government sources, but the statute itself could not be read and the section numbers are deliberately withheld",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "South Korea",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Act on Prevention of Divulgence and Protection of Industrial Technology, art. 11-2, controlling cross-border acquisition, merger and joint venture involving holders of designated national core technology; Foreign Investment Promotion Act art. 6 for defense industry companies",
"official_citation": "Industrial Technology Protection Act arts. 9, 11, 11-2(1), 11-2(5)-(7), 11-2(9); Foreign Investment Promotion Act art. 6(1), 6(5)-(6)",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2006-10-27",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "orders of suspension, prohibition or restoration to original state, with no limitation period",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed period. After deliberation by the Industrial Technology Protection Committee the Minister may order suspension, prohibition or restoration to the original state where the transaction was carried out without the required approval or report, was approved by deceit, or threatens national security. Stocks of a defense industry company acquired without permission carry no voting rights and the Minister may order transfer to a third party.",
"provision_refs": "Industrial Technology Protection Act arts. 9, 11, 11-2(1), 11-2(5)-(7), 11-2(9); Foreign Investment Promotion Act art. 6(1), 6(5)-(6)",
"source_url": "https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=68585&type=part&key=41",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "The Act names no sectors; scope is set by ministerial designation. The designation notice does cover a semiconductor field, so semiconductors are named in the notice rather than in the statute, and artificial intelligence does not appear as a designated field in the record consulted. Article 11-2 was inserted in 2011; the enforcement date of that insertion could not be retrieved. Semiconductors are named in the ministerial designation notice rather than in the statute; the technology cells follow the release’s rule of counting a sector named in any list made under the instrument. Artificial intelligence is not a designated field.",
"confidence": "medium-high",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "research_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Taiwan",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Statute for Investment by Foreign Nationals, with investment by persons of the Mainland Area requiring separate permission under art. 73 of the Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area",
"official_citation": "Statute for Investment by Foreign Nationals arts. 7, 8, 9, 18, 20; Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area art. 73",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "1997-11-19",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "revocation of the investment approval, with no limitation period",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed period. Where the investor violates the Statute or fails to perform approved matters, the competent authority may revoke the approval of the investment and the investor’s rights under the Statute. No limitation period is stated.",
"provision_refs": "Statute for Investment by Foreign Nationals arts. 7, 8, 9, 18, 20; Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area art. 73",
"source_url": "https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-laws/laws/321/taiwan-province-of-china-statute-for-investment-by-foreign-nationals",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "National security is a ground of prohibition inside the ordinary approval, not a separate screening track. Neither artificial intelligence nor semiconductors is named in the Statute; sector limits sit in a subordinate negative list that was not retrieved. Investment of PRC origin is the stricter track. The penalties for investing without an art. 73 permit are in art. 93-1 of that Act, whose text could not be retrieved.",
"confidence": "high on the mandatory approval and the untimed revocation; the PRC-track consequences are unverified",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "intergovernmental_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Vietnam",
"region": "Asia Pacific",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "No standalone screening statute; national-defense and security conditions are embedded in the Law on Investment No. 61/2020/QH14, with a separate suspension power in art. 47",
"official_citation": "Law on Investment No. 61/2020/QH14 arts. 9, 24(2), 26, 47, 48",
"mandatory_notification": "partial",
"in_force_from": "2021-01-01",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "the Prime Minister may suspend a project in whole or in part with no limitation period",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed period. The Prime Minister shall decide to suspend a project in part or in full if execution is detrimental or potentially detrimental to national defense and security. The Law sets no limitation period, so a completed investment remains exposed indefinitely. The consequence of closing a share purchase without the required registration was not verified.",
"provision_refs": "Law on Investment No. 61/2020/QH14 arts. 9, 24(2), 26, 47, 48",
"source_url": "https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/vie212119.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Registration is required only in listed cases, including restricted business lines, foreign ownership crossing 50 percent, or a target holding land-use rights on islands or in border or coastal communes, so notification is partial. The Law names no technology sectors.",
"confidence": "medium-high",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "intergovernmental_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Iceland",
"region": "Europe, non-EU",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Act No. 84/2026 on the Screening of Investments by Foreign Parties on grounds of National Security and Public Order, passed 19 June 2026, published 2 July 2026, applying from 1 January 2027. Until then Act No. 34/1991 art. 12 governs.",
"official_citation": "Act No. 84/2026 arts. 3, 4, 5, 6(1), 15, 23; Act No. 34/1991 arts. 7 and 12",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "the Act carrying the 6-month and 5-year periods does not apply until January 1, 2027; the power in force today is an 8-week stop measured from the Minister becoming aware",
"call_in_post_closing": "no, not on the law in force today. Act No. 84/2026, which would give six months from the Minister becoming aware subject to an outer limit of five years from the transaction, does not apply until January 1, 2027. Until then art. 12 of Act No. 34/1991 governs, and its power is an eight-week stop measured from the Minister becoming aware of the investment, with no period running from completion. Classified on the law in force, as Switzerland is.",
"provision_refs": "Act No. 84/2026 arts. 3, 4, 5, 6(1), 15, 23; Act No. 34/1991 arts. 7 and 12",
"source_url": "https://www.althingi.is/altext/157/s/1460.html",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "As at 21 August 2026 the new Act is enacted but not yet applicable, and the currently operative power is the 8-week stop under the 1991 Act, measured from the Minister becoming aware. The seven sensitive categories do not name artificial intelligence or semiconductors; both would have to be caught by the catch-all for other important technology or by implementing regulation. Iceland’s architecture, 6 months from knowledge capped at 5 years from the transaction, is the same shape as Ireland’s and as the EU Regulation’s. 84/2026, which is enacted but not yet applicable. Scoring a regime that has not commenced is the opposite of the rule this release applies to Switzerland, and the row now follows the same rule. It will be re-cut when the new Act applies on January 1, 2027, at which point Iceland becomes a window with a knowledge-triggered limb. The in_force_from cell is left empty rather than inferred: this row is classified on Act No. 34/1991, whose commencement date could not be verified, and the 2027-01-01 date belongs to Act No. 84/2026, which is not the instrument the row is scored on.",
"confidence": "high on the commencement date and on which instrument governs today; the text of Act No. 84/2026 could not be read, as the Icelandic official sources refused automated retrieval",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Norway",
"region": "Europe, non-EU",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Security Act (sikkerhetsloven), ch. 10 ownership control, with the general intervention power in s. 2-5",
"official_citation": "Lov 1. juni 2018 nr. 24 om nasjonal sikkerhet, ss. 10-1 to 10-4, 2-5, 11-3, 11-4; amending Act of 20 June 2023 nr. 77",
"mandatory_notification": "yes, for the acquisition of a qualified holding in an undertaking subject to the Act",
"in_force_from": "2019-01-01",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "the power to stop or condition an acquisition applies expressly even where the agreement is already concluded and no notification was made",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. Section 10-3 empowers the King in Council to stop an acquisition of a qualified holding in an undertaking subject to the Act, or impose conditions on it, where there is a not insignificant risk to national security interests, and provides that this applies also where an agreement on the acquisition has already been concluded and even where the ministry has not received the notification it should have. No limitation period appears. The regulator points to s. 2-5 for situations already under way, under which the authorities may act against planned or ongoing activity without regard to the limits in the Public Administration Act s. 35.",
"provision_refs": "sikkerhetsloven ss. 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, 2-5, 11-3, 11-4",
"source_url": "https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Vedtak/Beslutninger/Lovvedtak/2022-2023/vedtak-202223-116/ | https://nsm.no/regelverk-og-hjelp/rad-og-anbefalinger/handtering-av-sikkerhetstruende-okonomisk-virksomhet/hvordan-handtere-sikkerhetstruende-okonomisk-virksomhet/eierskapskontroll/vedtak-om-stans-eller-vilkar-for-oppkjop/",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Chapter 10 of the Security Act is Norway’s only screening mechanism in force. A dedicated investment-control act was proposed in NOU 2023: 28 and the Minister of Trade and Industry told the Storting on 27 January 2026 that work on it continues; no bill has been tabled and no act adopted. Parts of the 2023 amending Act, including the lower ten percent threshold and an express standstill, have not been commenced: the ministry has said it will bring the remainder into force when the implementing regulations can take effect, and the regulator still describes the one-third test. Lovdata blocks automated retrieval, so the text was read from the ministry’s consultation paper, the Storting’s adopted text and the regulator’s pages.",
"confidence": "medium-high on substance, medium on the exact in-force wording, because the consolidated statute could not be retrieved from the official gazette",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Serbia",
"region": "Europe, non-EU",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "no dedicated screening mechanism",
"official_citation": "Law on Investments, Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia Nos. 89/2015 and 95/2018, arts. 4, 7, 48",
"mandatory_notification": "not applicable",
"in_force_from": "not applicable",
"ai_named": "not applicable",
"semiconductors_named": "not applicable",
"post_closing_reach": "none",
"post_closing_detail": "the investment law contains no security screening or approval requirement",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. Serbia has no national-security call-in over completed transactions. The Law on Investments provides that investors enjoy freedom of investment and that foreign investors enjoy equal status with domestic investors unless otherwise provided by law. Sectoral consents apply outside that framework, most notably in arms and military equipment production.",
"provision_refs": "Law on Investments, Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia Nos. 89/2015 and 95/2018, arts. 4, 7, 48",
"source_url": "https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-laws/laws/322/serbia-law-on-investments",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "A valid finding. Despite EU candidate status no Serbian screening mechanism was found in force as at 21 August 2026. A reported defense-sector consent requirement was not verified against the primary text.",
"confidence": "medium",
"outer_limit_months": "no_power",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "no_power",
"regime_status": "none",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "intergovernmental_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Switzerland",
"region": "Europe, non-EU",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "no screening mechanism in force; the Investment Screening Act was adopted on 19 December 2025 and is expected to take effect in 2027",
"official_citation": "Bundesgesetz uber die Prufung auslandischer Investitionen (Investitionsprufgesetz, IPG) of 19 December 2025, BBl 2026 31; referendum period expired 17 April 2026; art. 25(2) leaves commencement to the Federal Council",
"mandatory_notification": "not yet; once in force, prior approval will be required for takeovers of listed domestic undertakings by foreign state investors",
"in_force_from": "not in force",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "none",
"post_closing_detail": "no regime is in force today, so nothing reaches back; once the Act commences the unwind power will be untimed and only the fine will prescribe, at five years",
"call_in_post_closing": "not applicable today. Switzerland has no foreign-investment screening regime in force, so a closed deal is not exposed to one. That changes on commencement. Under art. 19 of the adopted Act the Federal Council must order the measures necessary to restore the lawful position where a takeover requiring approval was completed without it, and may in particular order a divestment; no limitation period attaches to that power. Art. 21 prescribes only the fine, at five years from completion of the takeover for an art. 20(1) breach and five years from receipt of the application for an art. 20(3) breach. The regulator states that applications cannot yet be filed or examined.",
"provision_refs": "IPG arts. 2, 3, 19, 20, 21, 25(2)",
"source_url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/fga/2026/31/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-fga-2026-31-de-pdf-a.pdf | https://www.seco.admin.ch/de/investitionspruefung",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Recorded as none because the question this release asks is about the law in force, and Switzerland has no screening regime today. The implementing ordinance went to consultation on 12 June 2026 with a deadline of 5 October 2026. The scope adopted is the narrow variant: foreign state investors only. This row will change on commencement, and the forthcoming shape is a sanction row, not a window.",
"confidence": "high; the adopted Act was read as published in the Bundesblatt and the status confirmed on the responsible department’s own page",
"outer_limit_months": "no_power",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "no_power",
"regime_status": "adopted_not_commenced",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Turkey",
"region": "Europe, non-EU",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "no dedicated screening mechanism",
"official_citation": "Dogrudan Yabanci Yatirimlar Kanunu No. 4875 of 05.06.2003, Resmi Gazete 25141 of 17.06.2003, arts. 1 and 3(a)",
"mandatory_notification": "not applicable",
"in_force_from": "not applicable",
"ai_named": "not applicable",
"semiconductors_named": "not applicable",
"post_closing_reach": "none",
"post_closing_detail": "the statute expressly renounces screening",
"call_in_post_closing": "not applicable; there is no inbound review mechanism and therefore no call-in power. Law 4875 states its own purpose as establishing a notification-based system rather than screening and approval, and provides that foreign investors are free to make direct investments.",
"provision_refs": "Dogrudan Yabanci Yatirimlar Kanunu No. 4875 of 05.06.2003, Resmi Gazete 25141 of 17.06.2003, arts. 1 and 3(a)",
"source_url": "https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.4875.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "One of the few foreign-investment statutes that expressly renounces screening on its own face. What governs instead is notification to the ministry, sectoral licensing, merger control and restrictions on real property in military and security zones. Neither artificial intelligence nor semiconductors appears in the Law. Recorded here under the spelling used in the enforcement dataset and in the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables.",
"confidence": "high",
"outer_limit_months": "no_power",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "no_power",
"regime_status": "none",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Ukraine",
"region": "Europe, non-EU",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "no dedicated screening mechanism in force; an Interagency Commission on Screening of Foreign Direct Investments was created by Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 97 of 28 January 2026 as a temporary advisory body, and a draft screening law remains pending",
"official_citation": "Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 97 of 28.01.2026; draft Law No. 14062 registered 22.09.2025, not adopted",
"mandatory_notification": "not applicable",
"in_force_from": "not applicable",
"ai_named": "not applicable",
"semiconductors_named": "not applicable",
"post_closing_reach": "none",
"post_closing_detail": "the commission may analyze completed investments but cannot block or condition them",
"call_in_post_closing": "not applicable; no statutory call-in exists. The commission may assess the impact of both completed and planned foreign direct investments on national security and submit recommendations, and may obtain information from investors, but it has no power to approve, condition or block a transaction, and no time limit attaches to its review.",
"provision_refs": "Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 97 of 28.01.2026; draft Law No. 14062 registered 22.09.2025, not adopted",
"source_url": "https://me.gov.ua/News/Detail/b9abc588-52db-4202-9c0b-5d71d09c0993?lang=uk-UA&title=MizhvidomchaKomisia",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "The resolution’s own text could not be read because the national legislation database disallows automated retrieval; the number and date are confirmed by the official listing and the substance by the Ministry of Economy’s announcement. Because no screening statute is in force, the notification and sector cells are not applicable rather than no.",
"confidence": "medium",
"outer_limit_months": "no_power",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "no_power",
"regime_status": "advisory_only",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "United Kingdom",
"region": "Europe, non-EU",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "National Security and Investment Act 2021",
"official_citation": "National Security and Investment Act 2021 (c. 25), ss. 2, 13, 22, 26; SI 2021/1465; SI 2021/1264",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2022-01-04",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "window+gap",
"post_closing_detail": "6 months from the Secretary of State becoming aware and 5 years from the trigger event, except that the 5 years is disapplied where a notifiable acquisition completed without approval",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; 6 months from the day the Secretary of State became aware of the trigger event and 5 years from the day the trigger event took place, except that the five-year longstop is disapplied where the acquisition was notifiable and completed without approval, in which case it is void and only the six-month period from awareness runs.",
"provision_refs": "National Security and Investment Act 2021 ss. 1(1)(a), 2(1)-(6), 13(1)-(3), 22, 26, 62; SI 2021/1465 reg. 2; SI 2021/1264 Schedule Parts 1-17",
"source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2021/25/section/2",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Section 2(3) is the provision that matters and is routinely omitted from summaries: it removes the five-year outer limit in exactly the case where the acquirer should have notified and did not. Artificial intelligence is one of the seventeen named sectors. Semiconductors are reached under computing hardware, which names central processing units, field programmable gate arrays, microcontrollers, systems on chip, graphics processors and the fabrication or packaging of memory circuits, although the word semiconductor itself does not appear. The regime reaches back to trigger events from 12 November 2020.",
"confidence": "high; every period quoted from legislation.gov.uk",
"outer_limit_months": "60",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "disapplied",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Austria",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Investitionskontrollgesetz (InvKG)",
"official_citation": "BGBl. I Nr. 87/2020; Aussenwirtschaftsgesetz 2011 s.25a; BGBl. I Nr. 231/2022",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2020-07-25",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "suspensive condition by operation of law; no period runs from closing",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no limitation period, an ex officio approval procedure may be opened whenever the competent minister learns of an approval-requiring transaction for which no application was made",
"provision_refs": "InvKG ss. 8(1)-(2), 8(5), 26, 27, 29(2), 29(4)",
"source_url": "https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20011250&Paragraf=8",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: in force since 25 July 2020, except provisions destined to enter into force by 11 October 2020. AI and semiconductors appear at items 2.1 and 2.3 of Anlage Teil 2; in-force date per BGBl. I Nr. 87/2020; Regulation (EU) 2026/1386 takes effect 2028-01-17. Section 27 makes any transaction requiring approval concluded by operation of law under the suspensive condition that approval is granted, so factual completion does not perfect it and no period begins to run from closing. Where the transaction has already been closed in whole or in part, s. 8(5) requires subsequent conditions or, failing those, an order to unwind.",
"confidence": "high",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Belgium",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Cooperation Agreement of 30 November 2022 establishing an FDI screening mechanism",
"official_citation": "Law of 14 February 2023; Moniteur Belge N. 158, 7 June 2023, Ed. 3, 54544, C-2023/31123",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2023-07-01",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "window+gap",
"post_closing_detail": "2 years from completion, extended to 5 where there are indications of bad faith, a trigger the buyer cannot compute at signing",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes, and the period is extended in the case that matters. Two years after a non-notified acquisition, extended to five years where there are indications of bad faith. On this release's own rule that is a period that runs from completion and is then extended for the deal that should have been notified and was not, which is the definition of a window with a hole in it rather than of a window that holds.",
"provision_refs": "Law of 14 February 2023, arts. 5, 8, 15, 22",
"source_url": "https://circabc.europa.eu/rest/download/7e72cdb4-65d4-4eb1-910b-bed119c45d47",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: published 7 June 2023, in force since 1 July 2023. Notification is due after signing and before completion; the commonly cited application date of 1 July 2023 could not be confirmed from the primary text.",
"confidence": "from the Commission's notified list rather than from the Moniteur belge, which is why the row is flagged: the periods are recorded as the notified list states them, and the operative provisions should be read in the gazette before further reuse.",
"outer_limit_months": "24",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "60",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "extended_on_conduct",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "intergovernmental_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Bulgaria",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Investment Promotion Act, Chapter six (national FDI screening mechanism)",
"official_citation": "Investment Promotion Act, Ch. 6; Council of Ministers Decision No. 10 of 29 January 2025",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2024-03-12",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "the two years runs backwards from a Commission opinion or a Member State alert, and the operative own-initiative clock is three months from the Council learning of a new circumstance, with no outer limit",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. Neither of Bulgaria’s two clocks runs from completion. Art. 27g(4) allows the interdepartmental council to open screening of an investment begun up to two years before it receives the Commission’s opinion or another Member State’s alert: the period runs backwards from an external event whose date a buyer cannot know at signing. Art. 27g(3) allows the council to open proceedings on its own initiative within three months of learning of a new circumstance, and states no outer limit at all. On this release’s test, that a period running from knowledge is not a date, Bulgaria gives a buyer nothing to compute.",
"provision_refs": "Investment Promotion Act, ch. 6, arts. 27, 27a, 27g(1)-(4), 34a; Rules for Implementation art. 68d(2)(1)(b)",
"source_url": "https://dv.parliament.bg/DVWeb/showMaterialDV.jsp?idMat=208025",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: in force since 12 March 2024, published 6 March 2024. Chapter Six entered into force 12 March 2024, but its transitional provisions disapplied the art. 27a filing duty until both implementing acts existed, so notification became compulsory only on 22 July 2025. AI and semiconductors are named in the implementing rules, not in the Act, whose scope clause cross-refers to art. 4(1) of Reg (EU) 2019/452.",
"confidence": "high on arts. 27g(3) and 27g(4), read from the state gazette portal; the commercial consolidations refused automated retrieval, so the article is single-sourced",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Croatia",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "not on the Commission’s list read for this release; the national Act postdates it",
"mechanism": "Act on the Screening of Foreign Investments (Zakon o provjeri stranih ulaganja)",
"official_citation": "Zakon o provjeri stranih ulaganja, Narodne novine 136/2025, published November 5, 2025",
"mandatory_notification": "yes, and suspensory in effect: registries and sector regulators must block completion where no clearance has been given",
"in_force_from": "2025-11-13",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "ex officio control may be opened over an unnotified investment with no limitation period, and the Act carries no fines at all: divestment is the sanction",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. Art. 16(1)(a) allows the Ministry of Finance to open control proceedings on its own initiative in the case of an unnotified foreign investment, and no limitation period of any kind attaches to that power. Where the investment was never notified there is no clearance to revoke, so art. 17(7) applies the divestment machinery instead: under art. 17(2) the Ministry orders the investor to sell all shares, interests and property rights within a period of not more than nine months, extendable by up to six more, and under art. 17(4) the investor may not deal with or exercise any rights attaching to them until the sale is made. The Act contains no misdemeanor chapter and no fines, so there is no penalty period to run instead. Art. 30 reaches investments completed before the Act took effect, but that legacy sweep must be run within three years of commencement, a transitional deadline rather than a period from completion.",
"provision_refs": "Zakon o provjeri stranih ulaganja arts. 6, 10(1)(7), 11(3), 12(3), 16(1)(a), 16(2), 17(1)-(4), 17(7), 21, 30(1)-(2), 32",
"source_url": "https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2025_11_136_2010.html | https://mfin.gov.hr/vijesti/zakon-o-provjeri-stranih-ulaganja-opce-informacije/4054",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Art. 10(1)(7) names artificial intelligence and semiconductors expressly, in the research sector, alongside space, robotics, quantum and nuclear technology, nanotechnology and biotechnology. The Act repeals the 2020 coordination decree. The implementing rulebook required by art. 27 could not be confirmed as published, so the filing machinery may still be incomplete even though the call-in power is live.",
"confidence": "high; read verbatim in Croatian from Narodne novine and cross-checked against the Ministry of Finance page. The absence of a fines chapter rests on three passes over the full text",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "not on the Commission’s list read for this release; the national Law postdates it",
"mechanism": "Law establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments",
"official_citation": "N. 194(I)/2025, Official Gazette of the Republic of Cyprus, Annex I Part I, No. 5061, November 14, 2025",
"mandatory_notification": "yes, and expressly suspensory: s. 3(1)(d) requires the prior approval of the competent authority before the investment is carried out",
"in_force_from": "2026-04-02",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "window+gap",
"post_closing_detail": "15 months from completion for an investment outside mandatory notification, extended to 5 years from completion where a notifiable investment was not notified",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes, and unusually the gap is still capped. Section 3(8)(a) preserves a standing power to examine any foreign direct investment, whether or not it fell within mandatory notification, where there are well-founded reasons to consider it may affect the security or public order of the Republic. Section 3(8)(b) bounds that power at 15 months from the date the investment was carried out where notification was not mandatory, and s. 3(8)(c) at five years from the same date where the investment was notifiable and was not notified. Both periods run from completion, not from the authority’s knowledge, so a buyer can compute them at signing. Section 7 deems an unnotified in-scope investment automatically in breach and allows the authority to prohibit, terminate or reverse it; s. 6(3) bars the investor from exercising any rights, including voting and management rights, until it complies. Section 8 does not make the transaction void: contracts requiring prior approval are deemed subject to the suspensive condition of obtaining it. Fines under s. 12 run from EUR 5,000 to EUR 50,000 for failure to notify, up to EUR 100,000 for non-compliance with an ordered measure, and up to EUR 8,000 for each day a breach continues.",
"provision_refs": "N. 194(I)/2025 ss. 2, 3(1)(a), 3(1)(d), 3(2), 3(4), 3(8)(a)-(c), 5, 6(1)-(3), 7, 8, 12(1)-(3), 20, and the Annex",
"source_url": "https://www.gov.cy/mof/en/documents/foreign-direct-investment-screening/ | https://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/arith/2025_1_194.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "The Annex names artificial intelligence and semiconductors among critical technologies, tracking the art. 4 list in Regulation (EU) 2019/452. Cyprus is the mildest of the window-and-gap regimes: the gap extends the period rather than removing it, so even an unnotified notifiable deal reaches a safe date at completion plus five years. The Ministry of Finance site refused automated retrieval, so the operative text was read from the standard Cyprus legislation repository, whose header reproduces the gazette reference exactly, and cross-checked against an intergovernmental English translation.",
"confidence": "high on the operative periods and their trigger, read verbatim in Greek from a reproduction of the gazette text and corroborated in English; the first-party government PDF could not be opened",
"outer_limit_months": "15",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "60",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "extended_but_closes",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "private_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Czechia",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Act No. 34/2021 Coll. on screening of foreign direct investments",
"official_citation": "Act No. 34/2021 Coll.; Government Decree No. 178/2021 Coll.",
"mandatory_notification": "partial",
"in_force_from": "2021-05-01",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "window+gap",
"post_closing_detail": "5 years from completion, and no limit at all where the mandatory application was not filed",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; 5 years from completion, and no time limit at all where the investor failed to file a mandatory application or concealed facts",
"provision_refs": "Act No. 34/2021 Coll. ss. 7, 8(1)(b), 8(2), 8(4), 10(1), 27(1), 30; Government Decree No. 178/2021 Coll.",
"source_url": "https://www.e-sbirka.cz/sb/2021/34?zalozka=text",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: latest consolidated text with amendments published 19 August 2025. No entry-into-force date is stated in the Commission list. Mandatory prior permission is sector-limited to military material, critical infrastructure, critical information infrastructure and Annex IV dual-use items, hence partial. Completion is defined in s. 8(2) as the latest of contract, effective control or commencement of activity. Section 27(1) excludes investments completed before 1 May 2021, so the five-year look-back cannot reach behind that date. AI and semiconductors are named only on the ministry’s published scope list, which tracks art. 4(1)(b) of Reg (EU) 2019/452 and is expressly open-ended. Artificial intelligence and semiconductors are named on the ministry’s own ex officio scope list rather than in the Act; the technology cells follow the release’s rule of counting a sector named in any list made under the instrument.",
"confidence": "high",
"outer_limit_months": "60",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "disapplied",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Denmark",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Investment Screening Act (investeringsscreeningsloven)",
"official_citation": "LOV nr 842 af 10/05/2021; amended by LOV nr 736 af 13/06/2023 and LOV nr 674 af 11/06/2024",
"mandatory_notification": "partial",
"in_force_from": "2021-07-01",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "window+gap",
"post_closing_detail": "5 years from completion, but only for transactions outside the mandatory regime",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; up to 5 years from completion, but only for transactions in the voluntary regime; for the mandatory-authorization regime there is no fixed window and the sanction is a divestment order",
"provision_refs": "Investeringsscreeningsloven ss. 5(1), 10(1), 14, 31(2)(3) and (3), 48(2), 49(1)-(2)",
"source_url": "https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2023/1256/pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records the Act and its amending instruments without an entry-into-force date. Prior authorization mandatory only in five particularly sensitive sectors; applies to transactions completed after 1 September 2021. The Act entered into force on 1 July 2021 but does not apply to investments or special economic agreements completed before 1 September 2021, which is why the later date is commonly cited. The five-year cap applies only to opening an own-initiative investigation into transactions that were not subject to mandatory authorization.",
"confidence": "high",
"outer_limit_months": "60",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "never_applied",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Estonia",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Foreign Investment Reliability Assessment Act",
"official_citation": "Valisinvesteeringu usaldusvaarsuse hindamise seadus, RT I, 10.02.2023, 3",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "suspensory; reversal may be ordered, with no period found",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed period, the regime is suspensory and where an investment subject to authorization was made without one the authority may require transfer of the holding, reversal of the transaction or other acts restoring the prior situation",
"provision_refs": "Foreign Investment Reliability Assessment Act ss. 4, 5, 23, 24, 32",
"source_url": "https://ttja.ee/en/business-client/entrepreneurship/foreign-direct-investment-screening",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records the Act without an entry-into-force date. Nine categories of target undertaking are covered but the regulator’s page does not enumerate technologies. The list of target undertakings is closed and covers vital services, state-held undertakings, military and dual-use goods, national broadcasters and news publishers, oil shale permits, tall masts, certified aerodromes and trans-European network ports. Neither artificial intelligence nor semiconductors appears in it. Riigi Teataja could not be rendered, so the regulator’s own enumeration was used; a word-level check of the full Act was not possible. Section 23(1) allows the authority, where an investment was made without authorization, to require by precept the transfer of the holding or part of the target, the reversal of the transaction, or other acts restoring the position before the investment, with a non-compliance levy capped at EUR 100,000 under s. 24. No limitation period attaches to that power. Riigi Teataja serves its text only to a browser, so the substance was read from the responsible regulator’s own pages and the section numbers from an intergovernmental reproduction of the official English translation.",
"confidence": "medium-high; the absence of a limitation period is an absence-of-provision finding taken from the regulator, and the section numbers are one step removed from the gazette",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Finland",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Act on the Screening of Foreign Corporate Acquisitions",
"official_citation": "Act 172/2012, as amended by 496/2014 and 682/2020; Act 470/2019 on transfers of real estate",
"mandatory_notification": "partial",
"in_force_from": "2012-06-01",
"ai_named": "not specified",
"semiconductors_named": "not specified",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "the ministry may set a filing deadline at any time",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed period and no limitation, the Ministry may at any time set a deadline for a foreign owner who did not apply for confirmation in the defense and security sector; for all other acquisitions notification is voluntary and there is no call-in power",
"provision_refs": "Act 172/2012 ss. 4(1)-(3), 5, 5a, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12",
"source_url": "https://www.finlex.fi/en/legislation/translations/2012/eng/172",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records the Act and its amendments without an entry-into-force date. Prior confirmation mandatory for defense-industry and dual-use targets, voluntary otherwise. A transaction closed without confirmation is not void. If confirmation is then refused, the foreign owner must dispose of holdings so that its votes fall below one tenth, with voting restrictions in the meantime. A replacement statute was still at government-proposal stage.",
"confidence": "medium-high; finlex could not be rendered, so the official English translation deposited with the Commission was used",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "France",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Controle des investissements etrangers en France",
"official_citation": "Code monetaire et financier, arts. L.151-1 to L.151-7 and R.151-1 to R.151-18; Arrete of 31 December 2019",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2020-04-01",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "the transaction is void; injunctions and fines are untimed",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed window, the regime is suspensory and an investment made without authorization is void, with the Minister able to issue injunctions and fines at any time",
"provision_refs": "Code monetaire et financier arts. L.151-3-1, L.151-3-2, L.151-4; Decret 2019-1590 of 31 December 2019",
"source_url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000038589676",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records the Code provisions and the 2019 Arrete without an entry-into-force date. AI and semiconductors named as critical technologies under art. R.151-3; procedure applies from 1 April 2020 per décret 2019-1590. Article L.151-4 makes void any commitment, agreement or contractual clause that directly or indirectly effects a foreign investment in a listed sector without the required authorization. No prescription period appears in L.151-3-1 or L.151-3-2, and whether any general limitation bounds the fine was not verified.",
"confidence": "medium-high; Legifrance returned 403 on several pages, so L.151-3-1 was read only by cross-reference",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Germany",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Aussenwirtschaftsgesetz and Aussenwirtschaftsverordnung",
"official_citation": "Aussenwirtschaftsgesetz of 6 June 2013, ss. 4, 5, 13, 14a and 15; Aussenwirtschaftsverordnung of 2 August 2013, ss. 55 to 62",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "not verified",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "window",
"post_closing_detail": "5 years from conclusion of the contract and 2 months from the ministry’s knowledge, both in s. 14a AWG",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; 5 years from conclusion of the contract, and 2 months from the Ministry’s knowledge of it",
"provision_refs": "AWG ss. 4, 5, 13, 14a(1)(1), 14a(3), 15(3); AWV ss. 55 to 62",
"source_url": "https://circabc.europa.eu/rest/download/7e72cdb4-65d4-4eb1-910b-bed119c45d47",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records four material amendments: the 15th AWV amendment in force 3 June 2020; the first AWG amendment in force 17 July 2020; the 16th AWV amendment 29 October 2020; and the 17th AWV amendment of 27 April 2021, which set mandatory thresholds of 10 or 20 percent by case group and a 25 percent threshold for voluntary notification. AI is item 13 and micro/nanoelectronic circuits and discrete semiconductors are item 16 of § 55a(1) AWV. Both periods are in s. 14a of the Act, not in the Ordinance: s. 14a(3) bars opening a review more than five years after conclusion of the obligation-law contract, and s. 14a(1)(1) gives two months from the ministry obtaining knowledge of it. Section 15(3) makes a notifiable transaction provisionally invalid but provides that it becomes effective if it is not prohibited within the s. 14a periods, so the five years cures the unnotified deal rather than leaving it open, and Germany remains a clean window.",
"confidence": "high on s. 14a; the row was previously sourced only to the Commission’s notified list and has been re-read against the Act",
"outer_limit_months": "60",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "60",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "intergovernmental_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Greece",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Law 5202/2025 implementing Reg (EU) 2019/452",
"official_citation": "Law No. 5202 of 23.5.2025, Gov. Gazette 84/A; Act of the Council of Ministers No. 11 of 28.5.2025; Joint Ministerial Decision No. 64260 of 11.11.2025",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2025-05-23",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "ex officio initiation with no period; nullity on prohibition",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed period, the Committee may initiate the procedure ex officio where the investor did not apply, and a failure to apply or an application made after completion is a ground for mitigation or reversal measures",
"provision_refs": "Law 5202/2025 arts. 5(4), 9, 13, 14(1), 15(1)-(2), 17",
"source_url": "https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-laws/laws/632/greece-law-no-5202-2025",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: the law entered into force on 23 May 2025 and is effective from 11 November 2025. The screening mechanism became operative on the later date. AI is one of six particularly sensitive sectors screened at a 10% threshold; semiconductors not listed. Article 13 provides for automatic nullity of the investment transactions where the investment is prohibited, and may order reversal of share transfers. No limitation period bounds either the ex officio power or the fine. Article 17 puts the law in force on publication, 23 May 2025, which does not match the 11 November 2025 date on the Commission’s notified list; that discrepancy is unresolved.",
"confidence": "medium; the gazette text was read in three independent reproductions but not from an official et.gr URL",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "intergovernmental_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Hungary",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Act LVII of 2018 on Controlling Foreign Investments Violating Hungary’s Security Interests",
"official_citation": "Act LVII of 2018; Government Decree 246/2018; Government Decree 561/2022; Government Decree 289/2020",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2019-01-01",
"ai_named": "no by name; in scope of the broad regime by cross-reference to art. 4(1)(a)-(e) of Reg (EU) 2019/452",
"semiconductors_named": "no by name; same cross-reference",
"post_closing_reach": "window",
"post_closing_detail": "5 years absolutely from the transaction under both regimes, with shorter knowledge-triggered limbs of 18 months and 6 months that can only reduce the exposure",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes, with a knowledge-triggered limb inside it. Both Hungarian regimes are suspensory rather than true call-in regimes, and enforcement against a transaction completed without the required notification is time-barred at 18 months from the supervising body learning of it and five years absolutely under the security regime, and at six months and five years under the broad regime. The absolute five years runs from the transaction, so Hungary reaches a date, and the shorter limb runs from knowledge but can only reduce the exposure, which is why this is a clean window rather than a window with a gap.",
"provision_refs": "Act LVII of 2018 ss. 2, 3, 8(2)-(4), 9(1)-(8), 10(1), 11; Government Decree 246/2018 ss. 1, 3, 14(1); Act L of 2025 Chapter IV ss. 36-54, esp. 37, 47(4), 52(3), 53(1)-(3), 124(2)",
"source_url": "https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2018-57-00-00",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records the Act and the implementing decrees without an entry-into-force date. Two regimes run in parallel. Government Decree 561/2022 was repealed on 19 August 2025 and its substance lifted verbatim into Chapter IV of Act L of 2025, which by its own terms applies only until 31 December 2026. An unnotified transaction is void ab initio under the broad regime and unenforceable under the security regime. The security regime is administered by the minister directing the civilian national security services, not by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The sanction class is for regimes where the only limitation period bounds the power to fine and the review power itself is unbounded; Hungary’s periods bound enforcement generally and include an absolute five-year outer limit, so the class did not fit its own cell text.",
"confidence": "high on the periods; the citations were retrieved by a non-standard route and should be spot-checked before any further reuse. The row sits in window rather than window+gap because the knowledge-triggered limbs are shorter than the absolute five years, so they cap the authority rather than extending it.",
"outer_limit_months": "60",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "60",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Ireland",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Screening of Third Country Transactions Act 2023",
"official_citation": "Screening of Third Country Transactions Act 2023 (No. 28 of 2023), ss. 9 to 12; commenced by S.I. No. 714 of 2024, made 17 December 2024",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2025-01-06",
"ai_named": "no in the Act’s own text; reached by cross-reference to art. 4(1) of Reg (EU) 2019/452",
"semiconductors_named": "no in the Act’s own text; same cross-reference",
"post_closing_reach": "window+gap",
"post_closing_detail": "15 months from completion for a non-notifiable transaction; for a notifiable transaction that was not notified, the later of 5 years from completion or 6 months from the day the Minister first becomes aware, so the second limb has no outer bound",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; 15 months from completion for a non-notifiable transaction, and the later of 5 years from completion or 6 months from the day the Minister first becomes aware for a notifiable transaction that was not notified; nothing completed before 6 October 2023 is reviewable",
"provision_refs": "Screening of Third Country Transactions Act 2023 (No. 28 of 2023) ss. 6, 9(1)(a)-(d), 9(2), 10(1), 10(4), 12(1)(b), 12(2)(a)-(c), 13, 14, 16(3)-(4), 17(1)-(2), 18; Commencement Order, S.I. No. 714 of 2024",
"source_url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2023/act/28/enacted/en/pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: the Act is effective from 6 January 2025. Sector list reproduces Article 4(1)(a)-(e) of Reg (EU) 2019/452; EUR 2 million transaction value threshold. The two periods in section 12(2) are the two figures the EU Regulation later adopted: fifteen months, and five years. The Act contains no schedule of technologies and names neither artificial intelligence nor semiconductors; it reaches them through section 9(1)(d), which makes a transaction notifiable where it relates to points (a) to (e) of art. 4(1) of Reg (EU) 2019/452. The regime is suspensory once a screening notice issues, and a notifiable transaction completed without notification is an offence carrying a fine of up to EUR 4,000,000 or five years’ imprisonment on indictment. The commencement order was read from the instrument itself: S.I. No. 714 of 2024 appoints 6 January 2025 as the day the whole Act comes into operation. Both limbs of s. 12(2)(a) sit inside the same paragraph and are joined by 'the later of', so late discovery extends reach beyond the five years rather than being capped by it; there is no absolute longstop for an unnotified transaction the Minister has not yet learned of.",
"confidence": "high; the commencement order read on irishstatutebook.ie and s. 12 from the Oireachtas text of the Act as enacted",
"outer_limit_months": "15",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "later_of_knowledge",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Italy",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Golden power regime",
"official_citation": "Decree-Law 21 of 15 March 2012; DPCM 133 of 1 August 2022; DL 104 of 10 August 2023, art. 7; Law 4 of 15 January 2026 converting DL 175 of 21 November 2025",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2012-03-16",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "the 45-day term runs from the ascertainment of the breach, not from closing",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed outer limit running from closing, because the forty-five day term runs from the conclusion of the procedure ascertaining the breach of the notification duty, not from completion",
"provision_refs": "DL 21/2012 art. 2, commi 4, 5, 6 and 8-bis",
"source_url": "https://www.normattiva.it/eli/id/2012/03/15/012G0040/CONSOLIDATED",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records a long amendment history without a single entry-into-force date. The 2022 DPCM introduced a pre-filing mechanism. AI and semiconductor production machinery named in art. 2(1-ter), cross-referring to Art. 4(1) of Reg (EU) 2019/452. Resolutions or acts adopted in breach are null, efficacy is suspended until notification and expiry of the terms, the Government may order restoration of the status quo ante at the violator’s expense, and the fine runs up to twice the value of the transaction with a floor of one percent of cumulative turnover. Whether any general limitation period bounds the fine was not verified. Note that art. 1 also has a comma 8-bis, which is the defense-sector sanction and a different provision.",
"confidence": "high on the call-in analysis; the limitation period for the fine is expressly unverified",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Latvia",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "National Security Law, Chapter VI",
"official_citation": "Nacionalas drosibas likums, Ch. VI; Cabinet Regulation No. 311 of 20 June 2023",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2017-03-29",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "nullity from the moment of the transaction, with no limitation",
"call_in_post_closing": "no; the regime is purely suspensory and the sanction is nullity from the moment of the transaction, with no limitation period",
"provision_refs": "National Security Law Chapter VI, ss. 37 (esp. cl. 13), 39, 40, 41, 42, 42-1, 44, 45; Chapter VI inserted by the amending Law adopted 23.03.2017, Latvijas Vestnesis No. 64 of 28.03.2017, in force the following day; s. 37(13) added by the Law of 20.10.2022, in force 14.11.2022; Cabinet Regulation No. 311 of 20.06.2023",
"source_url": "https://likumi.lv/ta/id/14011-nacionalas-drosibas-likums",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records the Law and the 2023 Cabinet Regulation without an entry-into-force date. Artificial intelligence is named expressly in s. 37(13) alongside robotics, smart and autonomous mobility, cybersecurity, energy storage, quantum, nuclear, nano- and biotechnology. Semiconductors are not named and are caught only through the cross-reference to Annex I of Reg (EU) 2021/821. Because the sanction is nullity ex tunc rather than review, an unpermitted deal is ineffective in Latvia indefinitely. The regime applies to any acquirer, not only foreign ones.",
"confidence": "high",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Lithuania",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Law on the Protection of Objects Important to Ensuring National Security",
"official_citation": "Law No. IX-1132, as amended by Law No. XIV-2985 adopted 26 September 2024; Government Resolution No. 978 of 13 November 2024",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2009-10-01",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "review may be opened at any time; nullity from conclusion",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no statutory limitation period, the Commission may take up an already concluded transaction at any time and performance is suspended, with nullity from the moment of conclusion",
"provision_refs": "Law No. IX-1132 arts. 6(1)-(2), 10(8), 12, 13(1)-(3), 13(7), 13(9)-(10), 13-1(1); Law No. XI-375 of 21.07.2009 art. 3; Law No. XIII-992 of 12.01.2018, in force 01.03.2018; Government Resolution No. 556 of 06.06.2018, points 3.1-3.15, as amended by Resolution No. 978 of 13.11.2024",
"source_url": "https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.189498/asr",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: Government Resolution No. 978 of 13 November 2024 expanded the sub-sectors in scope to cryptocurrencies and asset-referenced tokens. Only the existence and identity of the instrument could be confirmed within the research window. The notification duty sits on the Lithuanian target rather than the investor, and is triggered by a transaction exceeding 10 percent of the target’s prior-year revenue. Neither the Law nor the Government’s sub-sector list names artificial intelligence or semiconductors; electronic component and assembled electronic board manufacture would capture semiconductor manufacturing in substance without naming it. Resolution No. 978 of 13.11.2024 added asset-referenced tokens and crypto-asset services to the list. The in-force date involves a characterisation choice between 2009-10-01 for the first investor assessment and 2018-03-01 for the present screening chapter and Coordination Commission.",
"confidence": "medium on in_force_from, high on the rest",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Luxembourg",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Law of 14 July 2023 establishing a national FDI screening mechanism",
"official_citation": "Loi du 14 juillet 2023",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "no limitation on the ministerial power to suspend votes and order unwinding",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no express limitation on the ministerial power over an investment realized without notification or authorization, which may be met by suspension of voting rights and an order to unwind at the investor’s cost",
"provision_refs": "Loi du 14 juillet 2023, arts. 2(2) point 7, 3(1)-(4), 6(3), 8, 9(1)-(2), 9(7), 19",
"source_url": "https://www.chd.lu/fr/dossier/7885",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: published 18 July 2023, in force since 1 September 2023. Article 2(2) point 7 names artificial intelligence, semiconductors and cybersecurity expressly. The regime is suspensory once screening is triggered. The only express prescription is five years for a court action to annul general-meeting resolutions carried by suspended voting rights, which does not bound the Minister’s own power. Whether the loi du 23 janvier 2025 amends this law was not verified.",
"confidence": "medium-high; verified against the Chambre des Deputes coordinated text because Legilux could not be retrieved",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Malta",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "National Foreign Direct Investment Screening Office Act",
"official_citation": "Chapter 620 of the Laws of Malta",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2020-10-11",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "ex officio investigation and automatic violation on failure to notify, both untimed",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no express time limit, through the Office’s ex officio investigation power and the automatic violation and unwinding rule for a failure to notify",
"provision_refs": "Chapter 620, Act LX of 2020, arts. 1(2), 9(1)(c), 11, 12(7)-(8), 14, 15, 16, 17 and the Schedule",
"source_url": "https://www.parlament.mt/media/109955/act-lx-national-foreign-direct-investment-screening-act.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records the Act without an entry-into-force date. Regulator states notification is required but publishes no sector list or ex post review period. The Act’s own Schedule names artificial intelligence and semiconductors, tracking art. 4 of Reg (EU) 2019/452; this is the statute, not an inference from the Regulation. The Act imposes a pre-completion notification duty but no express standstill, and the enforcement design is post-closing unwinding rather than nullity. Commencement is retroactive: art. 1(2) sets 11 October 2020 although the Act was passed in December 2020. A reported 2025 or 2026 amendment could not be verified from an official source.",
"confidence": "high on the named sectors and the notification duty; the absence of a limitation period is an absence-of-provision finding",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Netherlands",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Investments, Mergers and Acquisitions Security Screening Act (Vifo Act)",
"official_citation": "Wet veiligheidstoets investeringen, fusies en overnames; Decree of 4 May 2023 setting entry into force; Electricity Act 1998 art. 86f; Gas Act art. 66e; Telecommunications Act ch. 14a",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2023-06-01",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "every period runs from the minister’s knowledge of the transaction, not from completion, so nothing makes an unnotified deal safe by lapse of time",
"call_in_post_closing": "no. Art. 16(1) applies where an acquisition activity took place without the prior notification the Act requires. Under art. 16(2) the minister may, within three months after the acquisition activity became known to him, order the notifiable party to notify it after the event, and under art. 16(3) the decision or own-initiative review must issue within eight weeks of the activity becoming known or of the remedial notification period expiring, extendable under art. 18(1) by up to six months and by three further months where the foreign-investment provisions apply. Every one of those clocks runs from the minister’s knowledge. Art. 58 separately allowed transactions completed after 8 September 2020 to be reviewed once the Act took effect, a temporary retrospective power rather than a limitation period.",
"provision_refs": "Vifo Act arts. 10, 11, 16, 18, 58",
"source_url": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0046747/2025-09-01/ | https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/kst-35880-3.html",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Art. 58's existence, placement in the final provisions, heading, entry into force on 1 June 2023, temporary character and 8 September 2020 reference date are confirmed from the official consolidated text and the explanatory memorandum. The number of its subsections and any deadline inside art. 58 itself could not be read: the consolidated Act is served as one document that truncates before the final chapter.",
"confidence": "high on arts. 10, 11, 16 and 18, read verbatim from the consolidated Act; medium on the internal text of art. 58",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Poland",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Act of 24 July 2015 on the control of certain investments",
"official_citation": "Dz. U. 2020 item 2145; Act of 19 June 2020; Council of Ministers Regulations of 27 December 2023 and 18 December 2024 listing protected entities",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2020-07-24",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "window+gap",
"post_closing_detail": "5 years bars only the opening of ex officio proceedings; an acquisition made without the required notification is null and void by operation of law, with no period attached",
"call_in_post_closing": "in form yes, in substance no. Art. 12e(2) bars the opening of ex officio proceedings once five years have passed from the acquisition or from the attainment of significant participation. But art. 12k(1) makes an acquisition carried out without the required notification null and void by operation of law, and attaches no limitation period to that nullity. A buyer who did not notify is not safe at year five, because the acquisition was never valid. This is the same fact pattern recorded as untimed for France and Latvia, and it is classified here as a window with a gap because the five years does close the review power itself.",
"provision_refs": "Act of 24 July 2015, chapter 4a, arts. 12e(1)-(2), 12f(1), 12f(5)-(6), 12h(2), 12j(1), 12j(3), 12k(1); Act of 9 July 2025, Dz.U. 2025 poz. 973, arts. 1(3), 1(4), 2, 4",
"source_url": "https://api.sejm.gov.pl/eli/acts/DU/2024/1459/text.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records the Act and the implementing regulations without an entry-into-force date. Applies to acquirers from outside the EU, EEA and OECD in listed strategic sectors and critical software above a EUR 10 million revenue threshold. The 2020 screening chapter carried a sunset that would have expired on 25 July 2025. The Act of 9 July 2025 repealed the sunset with effect from 24 July 2025, making the chapter permanent, and transferred competence from the President of UOKiK to the minister responsible for the economy. An acquisition made without notification, or despite an objection, is null and void by operation of law. 12e(2) had been read as an outer limit on exposure; it bars only the ex officio procedure, and the nullity in art. 12k(1) is untimed.",
"confidence": "high on arts. 12e(2) and 12k(1), read from the Sejm text",
"outer_limit_months": "60",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "void_by_operation_of_law",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Portugal",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Regime for safeguarding strategic assets",
"official_citation": "Decreto-Lei n. 138/2014 of 15 September 2014, DR n. 177, series I",
"mandatory_notification": "no",
"in_force_from": "2014-09-15",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "window+gap",
"post_closing_detail": "30 days from completion or from the date the transaction becomes public knowledge, whichever is later, so an undisclosed deal has no clock running at all",
"call_in_post_closing": "in form yes, in substance no. Art. 4(1) of Decreto-Lei n. 138/2014 gives the government 30 days to oppose, running from the conclusion of the transaction or from the date it becomes public knowledge, should that occur afterwards. The limbs are joined by a later-of, not an or. A transaction that completes and does not become public knowledge therefore has no clock running against it, and the 30 days cannot expire. It is the shortest nominal period in this release and, for an undisclosed deal, not an outer limit at all.",
"provision_refs": "Decreto-Lei n. 138/2014, arts. 3, 4(1), 5, 6",
"source_url": "https://circabc.europa.eu/rest/download/7e72cdb4-65d4-4eb1-910b-bed119c45d47",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list records the Decree-Law and its publication date of 15 September 2014. Ex post opposition regime with voluntary advance confirmation; covers energy, transport and communications only. 4(1) are joined by 'should it occur afterwards', which extends reach rather than capping it, exactly as Ireland’s 'later of’ does.",
"confidence": "high on the later-of construction in art. 4(1); read against the decree itself rather than against the Commission’s notified list",
"outer_limit_months": "1",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "clock_never_starts",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "intergovernmental_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Romania",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "FDI screening under the Competition Law",
"official_citation": "Competition Law 21/1996, art. 47(9)-(12); GEO 46/2022; Law 164/2023; GEO 108/2023; Government Decision 1326 of 28 October 2022",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2022-04-18",
"ai_named": "not verified",
"semiconductors_named": "not verified",
"post_closing_reach": "sanction",
"post_closing_detail": "5 years on the fine; the examination itself is untimed",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no express look-back period, the ex officio power is untimed on its face; the 5-year prescription in art. 12(4)-(5) bounds the fine, not the examination",
"provision_refs": "GEO 46/2022 arts. 3(1)-(2), 5(1)-(5), 9(1), 12(1)(b), 12(3)-(5), 16, 17(2); CSAT Decision 73/2012 art. 2; Law 164/2023 in force 10.06.2023; Government Decision 1326/2022",
"source_url": "https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-laws/laws/526/romania-emergency-ordinance-no-46-",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: the mechanism was established by GEO 46/2022; Government Decision 1326/2022 establishes the FDI Screening Commission. Prior authorization is mandatory and suspensory above a EUR 2,000,000 deal value, and the Commission may examine below-threshold deals. EU investors were brought into scope by Law 164/2023 from 10 June 2023. GEO 17/2026, Monitorul Oficial 199 of 13 March 2026, is reported to have recast the regime, raising the threshold to EUR 5,000,000 and inserting an express sensitive-domains article naming artificial intelligence and semiconductors; no Romanian official portal could be opened to verify it, so those cells are recorded as not verified. That recast postdates the Commission’s 9 February 2026 notified list, which is therefore already behind the national position. A 2026 emergency ordinance numbered 17/2026 amends the regime: the text published by the Senate raises the threshold to EUR 5,000,000, expressly names artificial intelligence and semiconductors and electronic components among the sensitive domains, sets a 45-day period for the commission’s opinion once a notification is complete, and introduces a EUR 5,000 examination fee. Its art. 9(5) power to examine an investment implemented in breach carries no period, which sits in tension with the five-year prescription recorded here for the fine; the classification is left as recorded until the gazette text can be read. Portal Legislativ and every gov.ro host refused automated retrieval, so the ordinance was read from the Senate’s own published copy and its exact date and Monitorul Oficial citation remain unverified.",
"confidence": "medium; the operative provisions of the base regime were read in a reproduction, and the 2026 amending ordinance was read from a parliamentary rather than a gazette copy",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "60",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "intergovernmental_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Slovakia",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Act No. 497/2022 Coll. on the screening of foreign investments",
"official_citation": "Act No. 497/2022 Coll.; Government Regulation No. 61/2023; Ministry of Economy Decree No. 64/2023",
"mandatory_notification": "partial",
"in_force_from": "2023-03-01",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "window+gap",
"post_closing_detail": "2 years from completion, and no limit where a critical investment closed without authorization",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; 2 years from the day the investment was carried out, and no limitation at all where a critical foreign investment was completed without the mandatory prior authorization",
"provision_refs": "Act No. 497/2022 Coll. ss. 10, 11(1)-(2), 12(2), 36(1)(a), 36(4)-(5); Government Regulation No. 61/2023 Coll. ss. 1-2; Ministry of Economy Decree No. 64/2023 Coll.",
"source_url": "https://static.slov-lex.sk/pdf/SK/ZZ/2022/497/ZZ_2022_497_20230301.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: Act No. 367/2024 on the protection of critical infrastructure entered into force on 1 January 2025 and expanded the Ministry’s data access, without amending the screening legislation itself. Mandatory only for critical foreign investments as defined by Regulation 61/2023, voluntary otherwise, so the regime is suspensory for the critical set with a post-closing call-in behind it. Artificial intelligence and semiconductors are absent from the Act, the Regulation and the Decree; s. 10 reaches them only by cross-reference to Reg (EU) 2019/452. Section 46(3), the second exception to the two-year clock, could not be retrieved and is unverified.",
"confidence": "high on all cells except the residual s. 46(3) transitional point",
"outer_limit_months": "24",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "disapplied",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Slovenia",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Investment Promotion Act (ZSInv)",
"official_citation": "Zakon o spodbujanju investicij, Uradni list RS, st. 13/18, 204/21, 29/22, 65/23",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2020-05-31",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "window",
"post_closing_detail": "2 years from the transaction, the takeover bid or registration",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; 2 years from conclusion of the legal transaction, publication of the takeover bid, or entry of the new company in the court register",
"provision_refs": "ZSInv ch. VI.a, arts. 31.a, 31.b, 31.c, 31.c(caron)(3) two-year review, 31.d, 31.e and 32.a, inserted by ZSInv-C, Uradni list RS 65/23",
"source_url": "https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina/2023-01-2089/zakon-o-spremembah-in-dopolnitvah-zakona-o-spodbujanju-investicij-zsinv-c",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "The Commission list states the mechanism entered into force on 1 July 2013 and is permanently included in the Investment Promotion Act. That date sits oddly with the Act’s own 2018 gazette reference, so no entry-into-force date is recorded here pending confirmation from the Slovenian gazette. The Commission’s notified list gives 1 July 2013, which is wrong for the screening mechanism. Screening was introduced as a temporary COVID-era measure by ZIUOOPE with effect from 31 May 2020 and a sunset of 30 June 2023, and made permanent by ZSInv-C from 1 July 2023 with no sunset. The regime is not suspensory: notification falls due within 15 days after signing, so the two-year window is the primary review mechanism rather than a backstop. Artificial intelligence and semiconductors are named in the statute itself, not only by cross-reference. The two-year review is in art. 31.c with a caron, which is a separate letter from c in Slovenian ordering; Cite art. 31.c with the caron, not art. 31.c.",
"confidence": "high; the 2020 introduction date rests on Commission Staff Working Document CELEX 52021SC0334 because the ZIUOOPE text itself was not retrievable",
"outer_limit_months": "24",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "24",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Spain",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Foreign investment authorization regime",
"official_citation": "Law 19/2003 art. 7 bis; Royal Decree 664/1999; Royal Decree-Law 8/2020; Royal Decree 571/2023 of 4 July",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2023-09-01",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "yes",
"post_closing_reach": "sanction",
"post_closing_detail": "5 years on the fine; the invalidity is untimed",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed window on the invalidity, although the power to sanction prescribes after five years from the date the infringement was committed",
"provision_refs": "Ley 19/2003 arts. 7 bis(5), 8.2.b, 11.1-11.3; Real Decreto 571/2023 art. 11.1.a)",
"source_url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2003-13471",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: Royal Decree 571/2023 reduced the authorization decision period from six months to three. Art. 7 bis inserted by Real Decreto-ley 8/2020; names AI and semiconductors in paragraph 2(b). An investment carried out without the required prior authorization lacks validity and legal effect until legalised, and the investor may exercise no economic or political rights in the meantime. The five-year prescription bounds only the power to fine, not the invalidity. The nullity rule is at art. 7 bis(5), not 7 bis(6) as often cited.",
"confidence": "high",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "60",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Sweden",
"region": "European Union",
"notified_to_commission": "yes",
"mechanism": "Act on the Screening of Foreign Direct Investments",
"official_citation": "Act (2023:560); Ordinance (2023:624); MSBFS 2024:9",
"mandatory_notification": "yes",
"in_force_from": "2023-12-01",
"ai_named": "yes",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "sanction",
"post_closing_detail": "2 years on the sanction; opening a review is untimed",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no limitation period on opening a review, although the sanction may only be imposed if the person was given an opportunity to comment within two years of the infringement",
"provision_refs": "Lag (2023:560) ss. 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 23, 31, 32, 36",
"source_url": "https://svenskforfattningssamling.se/sites/default/files/sfs/2023-09/SFS2023-560.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Commission list: the regulation defining the essential services in scope was amended on 1 October 2024. AI appears only in qualified form (AI algorithms using or generating sensitive personal or location data) in Annex 2 of Förordning (2023:624). The regime is suspensory as its primary mechanism, but the screening authority may compile the basis for a notification the investor failed to make, and may open a review on its own initiative even where no notification duty applied. A prohibition renders void the legal acts forming part of the investment. There are no transitional provisions, so there is no reach back before 1 December 2023.",
"confidence": "high",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "24",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Brazil",
"region": "Latin America",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "no dedicated screening mechanism",
"official_citation": "Lei 6.634 of 02.05.1979 arts. 1, 2, 6; Lei 4.131/1962; Lei 12.529/2011; Lei 5.709/1971; Constitution art. 222",
"mandatory_notification": "not applicable",
"in_force_from": "not applicable",
"ai_named": "not applicable",
"semiconductors_named": "not applicable",
"post_closing_reach": "none",
"post_closing_detail": "no general review to call in; the nearest analogue is a sectoral nullity rule",
"call_in_post_closing": "not applicable; there is no general foreign-investment review. Acts in the 150 kilometre border strip done without the prior assent required by art. 2 of Law 6.634/1979 are void by operation of law under art. 6, with no limitation period and a penalty of up to 20 percent of the transaction value. That is a nullity rule, not a call-in window.",
"provision_refs": "Lei 6.634 of 02.05.1979 arts. 1, 2, 6; Lei 4.131/1962; Lei 12.529/2011; Lei 5.709/1971; Constitution art. 222",
"source_url": "https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l6634.htm",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "A confirmed absence rather than a gap. What governs instead is mandatory registration of foreign capital with the Central Bank, ownership caps in specific sectors, prior assent for the border strip, and merger control before CADE, which has no national-security limb.",
"confidence": "high that no dedicated mechanism exists",
"outer_limit_months": "no_power",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "no_power",
"regime_status": "none",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Mexico",
"region": "Latin America",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "no dedicated screening mechanism; the National Foreign Investment Commission holds an express one-sentence power to block acquisitions on national-security grounds under art. 30 of the Foreign Investment Law",
"official_citation": "Ley de Inversion Extranjera arts. 5-7, 8, 9, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35, 37-38",
"mandatory_notification": "partial",
"in_force_from": "1993-12-27",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "no procedure and no deadline attached to the national-security power",
"call_in_post_closing": "not verified; the Law fixes no call-in period. Article 30 is framed as a power to prevent acquisitions, and no provision sets a deadline after which the Commission may no longer act. Acts declared void by the Secretariat for being contrary to the Law produce no legal effect between the parties, with no limitation period found.",
"provision_refs": "Ley de Inversion Extranjera arts. 5-7, 8, 9, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35, 37-38",
"source_url": "https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LIE.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Prior approval is required only for the listed activities and above an annually set asset threshold, hence partial. Registration in the national register within 40 business days is a formality, not a screening filing. Article 30 is one sentence with no procedure, no time limit and no published criteria. Neither artificial intelligence nor semiconductors appears in the Law.",
"confidence": "high on the approval structure and the absence of the two technology terms; the call-in period is genuinely unverified",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Israel",
"region": "Middle East",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Advisory Committee for Evaluating National Security Aspects of Foreign Investments, established by Ministerial Committee on National Security Affairs Resolution B/372 of 30 October 2019, updated by Resolution B/41 of 12 October 2022. Non-statutory and advisory only.",
"official_citation": "Resolution B/372 of 30.10.2019; Resolution B/41 of 12.10.2022, ss. 3-6 and 9",
"mandatory_notification": "no",
"in_force_from": "2019-10-30",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "none",
"post_closing_detail": "no call-in power; the committee advises regulators and cannot bind them",
"call_in_post_closing": "no; the resolution contains no call-in or post-closing review power. A regulator may put a query to the committee at its discretion, and the resolution expressly does not detract from the regulator’s own statutory authority, including to decide against the committee’s opinion.",
"provision_refs": "Resolution B/372 of 30.10.2019; Resolution B/41 of 12.10.2022, ss. 3-6 and 9",
"source_url": "https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/israel-foreign-investment-national-security-evaluation-2022/",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Advisory, not binding, and addressed to regulators rather than investors, so a foreign investor has no filing duty. The sectors reached are those with an existing licensing regulator: banking, capital markets, insurance and finance, transport, communications, energy, water, sewerage, electricity and natural gas. No technology sector, no artificial intelligence, no semiconductors. A binding statutory bill has been tabled but its enactment is not verified.",
"confidence": "high on the advisory character and the absence of a call-in; the official gov.il page could not be rendered, so official translations of the two resolutions were used",
"outer_limit_months": "no_power",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "no_power",
"regime_status": "advisory_only",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "research_reproduction"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Saudi Arabia",
"region": "Middle East",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Investment Law issued by Royal Decree M/19 of 16/01/1446H and its Implementing Regulations, a registration and licensing regime carrying a standing national-security suspension power",
"official_citation": "Investment Law arts. 7, 8, 9, 15-16; Implementing Regulations arts. 22, 23, 37",
"mandatory_notification": "partial",
"in_force_from": "not verified",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "an express power to act before, during and after the investment, with no stated limit",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no fixed period, expressly open-ended. The Implementing Regulations provide that the Ministry may coordinate with the competent authorities on foreign investments that threaten national security before, during and after initiating procedures, and the Law lets the Ministry suspend any foreign investment to protect national security on objective grounds. No limitation period is stated.",
"provision_refs": "Investment Law arts. 7, 8, 9, 15-16; Implementing Regulations arts. 22, 23, 37",
"source_url": "https://misa.gov.sa/app/uploads/2024/08/Investment-Law.pdf",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Not a deal-by-deal screening mechanism: there is no national-security filing and no review clock, only a standing suspension power, which is why the post-closing reach is untimed. Article 16 sets commencement at 180 days after publication in the official gazette, but the gazette date does not appear on the official texts retrieved, so the date is not verified rather than guessed.",
"confidence": "high on the operative articles; the in-force date is deliberately unverified",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "UAE",
"region": "Middle East",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "no dedicated screening mechanism",
"official_citation": "Cabinet Resolution 55 of 2021 determining the list of activities with a strategic impact, art. 2(1)-(7), effective 01.06.2021; Federal Decree-Law 32 of 2021 on Commercial Companies",
"mandatory_notification": "not applicable",
"in_force_from": "not applicable",
"ai_named": "not applicable",
"semiconductors_named": "not applicable",
"post_closing_reach": "none",
"post_closing_detail": "control is exercised at licensing, so no post-closing question arises",
"call_in_post_closing": "not applicable; there is no national-security review to reopen. A company cannot be licensed for a strategic-impact activity without the designated authority approving the national and foreign participation percentages.",
"provision_refs": "Cabinet Resolution 55 of 2021 determining the list of activities with a strategic impact, art. 2(1)-(7), effective 01.06.2021; Federal Decree-Law 32 of 2021 on Commercial Companies",
"source_url": "https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/1520",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "A confirmed absence of security screening, with ownership-percentage control at licensing instead. The seven strategic-impact activities are security and defense and activities of a military nature, banking and finance and insurance, money printing, telecommunications, Hajj and Umrah services and Quran memorization centers, and fisheries services. Neither artificial intelligence nor semiconductors is named. The financial free zones operate their own regimes. Recorded here under the spelling used in the enforcement dataset and in the HCCH and UNCITRAL status tables.",
"confidence": "high",
"outer_limit_months": "no_power",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "no_power",
"regime_status": "none",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Canada",
"region": "North America",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Investment Canada Act",
"official_citation": "Investment Canada Act, RSC 1985, c. 28 (1st Supp.), ss. 25.1 to 25.4; National Security Review of Investments Regulations, SOR/2009-271, s. 2",
"mandatory_notification": "partial",
"in_force_from": "2009-09-17",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "window+gap",
"post_closing_detail": "5 years after implementation for the residual category; for investments that should have been notified and were not, no certified date arises and no outer limit closes",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; for the residual category of investment the Minister may act from the day the investment comes to his attention until the earlier of 45 days after the required information is received and 5 years after implementation. The five years is prescribed by regulation, not by the Act.",
"provision_refs": "Investment Canada Act ss. 25.1, 25.2(1)-(2), 25.3, 25.4; National Security Review of Investments Regulations, SOR/2009-271, ss. 2(a)-(c), 3, 9",
"source_url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2009-271/FullText.html",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "Section 25.2(1) contains no period of its own; it says the Minister may act within the prescribed period, and the five years appears only in section 2(c) of the Regulations. For the other two categories the period runs to 45 days after the certified date under sections 13(1) or 18(1) of the Act, and where an investor required to notify or apply files nothing, no certified date ever arises, so on the face of the text no outer limit closes. Artificial intelligence and semiconductors are named in the Minister’s guidelines on national security review, which are guidance rather than statute, and are therefore not recorded as named here.",
"confidence": "high on the five-year period and the sector cells; the in-force date is pinned to the registration of the Regulations",
"outer_limit_months": "60",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "clock_never_starts",
"residual_power_untimed": "not searched",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "United States",
"region": "North America",
"notified_to_commission": "not applicable",
"mechanism": "Section 721 Defense Production Act 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565), FIRRMA; 31 CFR Part 800",
"official_citation": "not verified",
"mandatory_notification": "partial",
"in_force_from": "2020-02-13",
"ai_named": "no",
"semiconductors_named": "no",
"post_closing_reach": "untimed",
"post_closing_detail": "no statute of limitations; a transaction never notified never obtains safe harbor",
"call_in_post_closing": "yes; no statute of limitations. CFIUS may review a non-notified completed covered transaction at any time, because safe harbor attaches only to a transaction on which the Committee or the President has concluded action, and a transaction never notified never enters that category.",
"provision_refs": "50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(1)(D)(i)-(iii) and (b)(1)(E); 31 C.F.R. 800.104, 800.215, 800.401(a)-(e), 800.501(a), (b)(1)-(2), (c)(1), (c)(2)(ii), (d), 800.901(b), Appendix A to Part 800",
"source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-31/subtitle-B/chapter-VIII/part-800/subpart-E/section-800.501",
"source_date": "2026-08-21",
"note": "The three-year period in 31 C.F.R. 800.501(d) is not a bar: it restricts agency notices unless the Chairperson files, which makes it an internal escalation rule. The one-year period in 800.501(c)(2)(ii) applies only where a foreign person is not an excepted investor by reason of 800.219(d). Mandatory declarations exist for substantial foreign-government interests and for critical-technology businesses requiring a US export authorization, and closing without one carries a civil penalty of up to five million dollars or the value of the transaction, whichever is greater, and no safe harbor at all. Neither artificial intelligence nor semiconductors is named: the critical-technologies definition works entirely by cross-reference to export-control lists, so an item is in scope only if it has been listed.",
"confidence": "high; quoted from the eCFR and the US Code, with the key provision confirmed across three independent retrievals",
"outer_limit_months": "unbounded",
"outer_limit_unnotified_months": "unbounded",
"regime_status": "in_force",
"penalty_limitation_months": "not_searched",
"gap_kind": "not applicable",
"residual_power_untimed": "not applicable",
"source_tier": "government_primary"
}
]
}
]
}